The Travels of Marco Polo (Google Books ⧉, Amazon ⧉, Bookshop ⧉)

Places Map

References To Other Books

Direct References

Ramusio

XLVII. —Concerning the Province of Caindu 53 Notes.—1. Explanation from Ramusio. 2. Pearls of Inland Waters. 3. Lax manners. 4. Exchange of Salt for Gold. 5. Salt currency. 6. Spiced Wine. 7. Plant like the Clove, spoken of by Polo. Tribes of this Tract.

Martini’s Description

LXXVII. —[Further Particulars concerning the Great City of Kinsay.] 200 (From Ramusio only.) Notes.—1. Remarks on these supplementary details. 2. Tides in the Hang-chau Estuary. The Squares. 3. Marco ignores pork. 4. Great Pears: Peaches. 5. Textual. 6. Chinese use of Pepper. 7. Chinese claims to a character for Good Faith. 8. Pleasure-parties on the Lake. 9. Chinese Carriages. 10. The Sung Emperor. 11. The Sung Palace. Extracts regarding this Great City from other mediæval writers, European and Asiatic. Martini’s Description.

Pipino’s Latin Version

E. Preface to Pipino’s Latin Version 525

Sir John Mandeville

A Spanish Marco Polo. Sir John Mandeville.

Ki-fu-thung-chi

The Bridge of Pulisanghin, the Lu-ku-k’iao of the Chinese, reduced from a large Chinese Engraving in the Geographical work called Ki-fu-thung-chi in the Paris Library. I owe the indication of this, and of the Portrait of Kúblái Kaan in vol. i. to notes in M. Pauthier’s edition.

Livre des Merveilles

The Bridge of Pulisanghin. From the Livre des Merveilles.

Recueil des Documents de l’Époque Mongole

Facsimile of the Letters sent to Philip the Fair, King of France, by Arghún Khan, in A.D. 1289, and by Oljaïtu, in A.D. 1305, preserved in the Archives of France, and reproduced from the Recueil des Documents de l’Époque Mongole by kind permission of H.H. Prince Roland Bonaparte.

Rashiduddin’s History

The Roi d’Or. Professed Portrait of the Last of the Altun Khans or Kin Emperors of Cathay, from the (fragmentary) Arabic Manuscript of Rashiduddin’s History in the Library of the Royal Asiatic Society.

Tour d’Asie

Plan of Ch’êng-tu. From Marcel Monnier’s Tour d’Asie, by kind permission of M. Plon.

Tour du Monde

Woodcut after Lieut. Delaporte, borrowed from Lieut. Garnier’s Narrative in the Tour du Monde (also referenced in the mountaineers illustration on the borders of Sze-ch’wan and Tibet).

Fisher’s China

The West Gate of Chin-kiang fu. From an engraving in Fisher’s China after a sketch made by Admiral Stoddart, R.N., in 1842.

Fortune’s Three Years’ Wanderings

Scene in the Bohea Mountains, on Polo’s route between Kiang-Si and Fo-Kien. From Fortune’s Three Years’ Wanderings.

Voyageurs Anciens et Modernes

The Japanese engaged in combat with the Chinese, after an ancient native drawing. From Charton, Voyageurs Anciens et Modernes.

Fergusson’s History of Architecture

Temple called Gaudapalén in the city of Mien (i.e. Pagán in Burma), erected circa A.D. 1160. Engraving after a sketch by the first Editor, from Fergusson’s History of Architecture.

Life of Bishop Daniel Wilson

Syrian Church at Caranyachirra, showing the quasi-Jesuit Façade generally adopted in modern times. From the Life of Bishop Daniel Wilson.

Arabian Nights

The Rukh, after a Persian drawing. From Lane’s Arabian Nights.

Marco Polo

Frontispiece of A. Müller’s Marco Polo, showing the Bird Rukh.

Thevet’s Cosmographie Universelle

The Harvest of Frankincense in Arabia. Facsimile of an engraving in Thevet’s Cosmographie Universelle (1575).

Atlas to Hommaire de Hell’s Persia

A Persian Bád-gír, or Wind-Catcher. From a drawing in the Atlas to Hommaire de Hell’s Persia. Engraved by Adeney.

Schlesische Fürstenbilder des Mittelalters

Figure of a Tartar under the Feet of Henry Duke of Silesia, Cracow, and Poland, from the tomb at Breslau of that Prince, killed in battle with the Tartar host, 9th April, 1241. After a plate in Schlesische Fürstenbilder des Mittelalters, Breslau, 1868.

Livre des Merveilles

A Housselin d. The Bridge of Pulisanghin. (From the Livre des Merveilles.)

Richard Cœur de Lion

In Richard Cœur de Lion we find “Many a pencel of sykelatoun And of sendel of grene and broun,” and also pavilions of sendel; and in the Anglo‐French ballad of the death of William Earl of Salisbury in St. Lewis’s battle on the Nile— “Le Meister du Temple brace les chivaux Et le Count Long‐Espée depli les sandaux.”

Anglo‐French ballad of the death of William Earl of Salisbury

… and in the Anglo‐French ballad of the death of William Earl of Salisbury in St. Lewis’s battle on the Nile— “Le Meister du Temple brace les chivaux Et le Count Long‐Espée depli les sandaux.”

P. de la Croix, II. 11, etc.

[P. de la Croix, II. 11, etc.; Erskine’s Baber, p. xxxiii.; Timour’s Institutes, 70; J. As. IX. 205; Cathay, 260; Magaillans, 14–18, 35; Lecomte in Astley, III. 529; J. As. sér. II. tom. i. 97–98; D’Ohsson, I. 144.]

Erskine’s Baber

Timour’s Institutes

J. As. IX. 205

Cathay, 260

Magaillans, 14–18, 35

Lecomte in Astley, III. 529

J. As. sér. II. tom. i. 97–98

D’Ohsson, I. 144

Notes and Queries on China and Japan

…Mr. Theos. Sampson, in an article on “Grapes in China,” writes (Notes and Queries on China and Japan, April, 1869, p. 50): “The earliest mention of the grape in Chinese literature appears to be contained in the chapter on the nations of Central Asia, entitled Ta Yuan Chwan, or description of Fergana, which forms part of the historical records…

Botanicon Sinicum

Dr. Bretschneider (Botanicon Sinicum, I. p. 25), relating the mission of Chang K’ien, writes: “He is said to have introduced many useful plants from Western Asia into China…”

Journeys in North China

…the Rev. C. Holcombe writes: “Williamson states in his Journeys in North China that the name of this stream is, properly Poo-too Ho— ‘Grape River,’ but is sometimes written Hu-t’ou River incorrectly.”

Proc. R. G. S. XII. 1890

…from T’ai-yuan fu to P’ing-yang fu is a journey of 185 miles, down the valley of the Fuen-ho. (Colonel Bell, Proc. R. G. S. XII. 1890, p. 61.)

Land of the Lamas

By the way, Mr. Rockhill remarks (Land of the Lamas, p. 10): “Richthofen has transcribed the name of this river Fuen. This spelling has been adopted on most of the recent maps, both German and English…”

Itinerary from Yarkand

…it seems to be called Piyingfu (miswritten Piyingku) in Mr. Shaw’s Itinerary from Yarkand (Pr. R. G. S. XVI. 253.)

Oppert

See also Oppert (p. 157), who cites this story from Visdelou, but does not notice its analogy to Polo’s.

History of the Kin Empire

There is no trace of it in Harlez’s French translation from the Manchu of the History of the Kin Empire, 1887.—H. C.

Chin. Commercial Guide

Upwards of 500 piculs (about 30 tons), valued at 30 dollars each, are annually exported to Europe and India. (Chin. Commercial Guide, 113–114.)

Rashiduddin’s History

…taken from Chinese originals, though, it may be, not very exactly. The portrait-gallery of the Golden Kings is taken from the fragmentary MS. of Rashiduddin’s History in the library of the Royal Asiatic Society…

Blakiston

…the T’ai-P’ing sovereign during his reign at Nanking: “None but women are allowed in the interior of the Palace, and he is drawn to the audience-chamber in a gilded sacred dragon‐car by the ladies.” (Blakiston, p. 42; see also Wilson’s Ever-Victorious Army, p. 41.)

Wilson’s Ever-Victorious Army

…(see also Wilson’s Ever-Victorious Army, p. 41.)

Land of the Lamas

[Mr. Rockhill (Land of the Lamas, p. 40) writes: “Colonel Yule, quoting a Russian work, has it that the word Salar is used to designate Ho‐chou, but this is not absolutely accurate. Prjevalsky (Mongolia, II. 149) makes the following complicated statement: ‘The Karatangutans outnumber the Mongols in Koko‐nor, but their chief habitations are near the sources of the Yellow River, where they are called Salirs; they profess the Mohammedan religion, and have rebelled against China.’ I will only remark here that the Salar have absolutely no connection with the so‐called Kara‐tangutans, who are Tibetans. In a note by Archimandrite Palladius, in the same work (II. 70), he attempts to show a connection between the Salar and a colony of Mohammedans who settled in Western Kan-Suh in the last century, but the Ming shih (History of the Ming Dynasty) already makes mention of the Salar, remnants of various Turkish tribes (Hsi-ch’iang) who had settled in the districts of Ho-chou, Huang-chou, T’ao-chou, and Min-chou, and who were a source of endless trouble to the Empire. (See Wei Yuen, Sheng-wu-ki, vii. 35; also Huang ch’ing shih kung t’u, v. 7.) The Russian traveller, Potanin, found the Salar living in twenty-four villages, near Hsün-hua t’ing, on the south bank of the Yellow River. (See Proc. R. G. S. ix. 234.) The Annals of the Ming Dynasty (Ming Shíh, ch. 330) say that An-ting wei, 1500 li south-west of Kan-chou, was in old times known as Sa-li Wei-wu-ehr. These Sari Uigurs are mentioned by Du Plan Carpin, as Sari Huiur. Can Sala be the same as Sari?” “Mohammedans,” says Mr. Rockhill (Ibid. p. 39), “here are divided into two sects, known as ‘white-capped Hui-hui,’ and ‘black-capped Hui-hui.’ One of the questions which separate them is the hour at which fast can be broken during the Ramadan. Another point which divides them is that the white-capped burn incense, as do the ordinary Chinese; and the Salar condemn this as Paganish. The usual way by which one finds out to which sect a Mohammedan belongs is by asking him if he burns incense. The black-capped Hui-hui are more frequently called Salar, and are much the more devout and fanatical. They live in the vicinity of Ho-chou, in and around Hsün-hua t’ing, their chief town being known as Salar Pakun or Paken.” Cross on the Monument at Si-ngan fu. (From a rubbing.)

Cathay

(Martini; Cathay, 148, 269; Pétis de la Croix, III. 218; Russian paper on the Dungen, see supra, vol. i. p. 291; Williamson’s North China, u.s.; Richthofen’s Letters, and MS. Notes.)

Pétis de la Croix

(Martini; Cathay, 148, 269; Pétis de la Croix, III. 218; Russian paper on the Dungen, see supra, vol. i. p. 291; Williamson’s North China, u.s.; Richthofen’s Letters, and MS. Notes.)

Williamson’s North China

(Martini; Cathay, 148, 269; Pétis de la Croix, III. 218; Russian paper on the Dungen, see supra, vol. i. p. 291; Williamson’s North China, u.s.; Richthofen’s Letters, and MS. Notes.)

Richthofen’s Letters

(Martini; Cathay, 148, 269; Pétis de la Croix, III. 218; Russian paper on the Dungen, see supra, vol. i. p. 291; Williamson’s North China, u.s.; Richthofen’s Letters, and MS. Notes.)

History of the Ming Dynasty

but the Ming shih (History of the Ming Dynasty) already makes mention of the Salar, remnants of various Turkish tribes (Hsi-ch’iang) who had settled in the districts of Ho-chou, Huang-chou, T’ao-chou, and Min-chou, and who were a source of endless trouble to the Empire.

Rubruck

Mr. Rockhill (Rubruck, p. 157, note) makes the following remarks. “It is strange, however, that the two famous Uigur Nestorians, Mar Jabalaha and Rabban Cauma, when on their journey from Koshang in Southern Shan-hsi to Western Asia in about 1276, while they mention ‘the city of Tangut,’ or Ning-hsia on the Yellow River as an important Nestorian centre, do not once refer to Hsi-anfu or Chang-an. Had Chang-an been at the time the Nestorian Episcopal see, one would think that these pilgrims would have visited it, or at least referred to it. (Chabot, Mar Jabalaha, 21)”—H. C.

De l’Authenticité de l’Inscription Nestorienne

Pauthier’s works on the subject are—De l’Authenticité de l’Inscription Nestorienne, etc., B. Duprat, 1857; and l’Inscription Syro-Chinoise de Si-ngan-fou, etc., Firmin Didot, 1858.

l’Inscription Syro-Chinoise de Si-ngan-fou

Pauthier’s works on the subject are—De l’Authenticité de l’Inscription Nestorienne, etc., B. Duprat, 1857; and l’Inscription Syro-Chinoise de Si-ngan-fou, etc., Firmin Didot, 1858.

China Illustrata

Kircher gives a good many more Syriac names than appear on the rubbing, probably because some of these are on the edge of the slab now built in.

China and the Roman Orient

Dr. F. Hirth (China and the Roman Orient, p. 323) writes: “O-lo-pên = Ruben, Rupen?” He adds (...).

La Stèle Chrétienne de Si-ngan-fou

Father Havret, S.J., of Zi-ka-wei, near Shang-hai, has undertaken to write a large work on this inscription with the title of La Stèle Chrétienne de Si-ngan-fou; the first part giving the inscription in full size, and the second containing the history of the monument, have been published at Shang-hai in 1895 and 1897; the author died last year (29th September, 1901), and the translation which was to form a third part has not yet appeared.

Mongolia

Prjevalsky (Mongolia, II. 149) makes the following complicated statement: ‘The Karatangutans outnumber the Mongols in Koko-nor, but their chief habitations are near the sources of the Yellow River, where they are called Salirs; they profess the Mohammedan religion, and have rebelled against China.’

Travels

Mr. Baber, leaving Ch’êng-tu, 26th July, 1877, writes (Travels, p. 28): “We took ship outside the East Gate on a rapid narrow stream, apparently the city moat, which soon joins the main river, a little below the An-shun Bridge, an antiquated wooden structure some 90 yards long. This is in all probability the bridge mentioned by Marco Polo. The too flattering description he gives of it leads one to suppose that the present handsome stone bridges of the province were unbuilt at the time of his journey.”

Travels

Mr. Baber (Travels, p. 26) gives the following information regarding the population of Ch’êng-tu: “The census of 1877 returned the number of families at about 70,000, and the total population at 330,000—190,000 being males and 140,000 females; but probably the extensive suburb was not included in the enumeration. Perhaps 350,000 would be a fair total estimate.”

Three Years in Western China

Mr. Hosie says (Three Years in Western China, p. 86): “It is without exception the finest city I have seen in China; Peking and Canton will not bear comparison with it.”

Ramusio

(Carpini, p. 707; Rub., 243; Ramusio, II. 92; I. B. II. 428; Gaubil, 40, 147; Cathay, 314 seqq.)

River of Golden Sand

Captain Gill writes (River of Golden Sand, II. p. 4): “The city of Ch’êng-Tu is still a rich and noble one, somewhat irregular in shape, and surrounded by a strong wall, in a perfect state of repair. In this there are eight bastions, four being pierced by gates.”

Ramusio

Ramusio is more particular: “Through the city flow many great rivers, which come down from distant mountains, and run winding about through many parts of the city. These rivers vary in width from half a mile to 200 paces, and are very deep. Across them are built many bridges of stone,” etc. “And after passing the city these rivers unite and form one immense river called Kian,” etc.

Itinéraires

[We hope that the plan from a Chinese map we give from M. Marcel Monnier’s Itinéraires will replace the promised one. It will be seen that Ch’êng-tu is divided into three cities: the Great City containing both the Imperial and Tartar cities.—H. C.]

Lives of the Lindsays

The Hon. Robert Lindsay, describing his elephant‐catching in Silhet, says: “At night each man lights a fire at his post, and furnishes himself with a dozen joints of the large bamboo, one of which he occasionally throws into the fire, and the air it contains being rarefied by the heat, it explodes with a report as loud as a musket.” (Lives of the Lindsays, III. 191.)

Himalayan Journals

[Dr. Bretschneider (Hist. of Bot. Disc. I. p. 3) says: “In corroboration of Polo’s statement regarding the explosions produced when burning bamboos, I may adduce Sir Joseph Hooker’s Himalayan Journals (edition of 1891, p. 100), where in speaking of the fires in the jungles, he says: ‘Their triumph is in reaching a great bamboo clump, when the noise of the flames drowns that of the torrents, and as the great stem‐joints burst, from the expansion of the confined air, the report is as that of a salvo from a park of artillery.’”—H. C.]

Hist. of Bot. Disc.

Prince Henry

A Barcelona tariff of 1271 sets so much on every mark of Pallola. And the old Portuguese navigators seem always to have used the same expression for the gold‐dust of Africa, ouro de pajola. (See Major’s Prince Henry, pp. 111, 112, 116; Capmany Memorias, etc., II. App. p. 73; also “Aurum de Pajola,” in Usodimare of Genoa, see Gräberg, Annali, II. 290, quoted by Peschel, p. 178.)

La Mission du Thibet

Mr. Cooper notices the eager demand for coral at Bathang. (See also Desgodins, La Mission du Thibet, 310.)

Kovalevski’s Dictionary

… Klaproth informs us that Guderi is the Mongol word. And it will be found (Kuderi) in Kovalevski’s Dictionary, No. 2594.

Ann. de la Propag. de la Foi

M. Gabriel Durand, a missionary priest, thus describes his journey in 1861 to Kiangka, viâ Ta-t’sien-lu, a line of country partly coincident with that which Polo is traversing: “Every day we made a journey of nine or ten leagues, and halted for the night in a Kung-kuan. …” (Ann. de la Propag. de la Foi, XXXV. 352 seqq.)

Mr. Cooper’s Journal

Mr. Cooper’s Journal, when on the banks of the Kin-sha Kiang, west of Bathang, affords a startling illustration of the persistence of manners in this region: “At 12h. 30m. we arrived at a road-side house, near which was a grove of walnut-trees; …” (See the now published Travels, ch. x.)

Pre-historic Times

Polo’s contemporary, Brunetto Latini, seems to speak of one of these as still existing in his day in Germany: “Autre buef naissent en Alemaigne qui ont grands cors, et sont bons por sommier et por vin porter.” (Paris ed., p. 228; see also Lubbock, Pre-historic Times, 296–7.)

Human Marriage

‘Among some uncivilised peoples, women having many gallants are esteemed better than virgins, and are more anxiously desired in marriage…’ (Westermarck, Human Marriage, p. 81.)

Mammals of India

Sir H. Yule remarks in a footnote (Ibid. p. 40): “It is not possible to say from what is stated here what the species is, but probably it is a gavœus, of which Jerdan describes three species. (See Mammals of India, pp. 301–307.)”

Memorias

(See Major’s Prince Henry, pp. 111, 112, 116; Capmany Memorias, etc., II. App. p. 73; also “Aurum de Pajola,” in Usodimare of Genoa, see Gräberg, Annali, II. 290, quoted by Peschel, p. 178.)

Usodimare

(See Major’s Prince Henry, pp. 111, 112, 116; Capmany Memorias, etc., II. App. p. 73; also “Aurum de Pajola,” in Usodimare of Genoa, see Gräberg, Annali, II. 290, quoted by Peschel, p. 178.)

Ann. de la Prop. de la Foi

M. Desgodins, a missionary in this part of Tibet, gives some curious details of the way in which the civilised traders still prey upon the simple hill‐folks of that quarter; exactly as the Hindu Banyas prey upon the simple forest‐tribes of India. He states one case in which the account for a pig had with interest run up to 2127 bushels of corn! (Ann. de la Prop. de la Foi, XXXVI. 320.)

J. A. S. B.

Gold is said still to be very plentiful in the mountains called Gulan Sigong, to the N.W. of Yun‐nan, adjoining the great eastern branch of the Irawadi, and the Chinese traders go there to barter for it. (See J. A. S. B. VI. 272.)

Three Years in W. China

‘Il prennent la sel e la font cuire, et puis la gitent en forme.’ [Mr. Hosie has a chapter (Three Years in W. China, VII.) to which he has given the title of Through Caindu to Carajan; regarding salt he writes (p. 121): “The brine wells from which the salt is derived lie at Pai yen ching, 14 miles to the south‐west of the city [of Yen‐yuan] …

Les Lolos

According to the French missionary, Paul Vial (Les Lolos, Shang‐hai, 1898) the Lolos say that they come from the country situated between Tibet and Burma. The proper manner to address a Lolo in Chinese is Lao‐pen‐kia.

Topography of the Yun‐nan Province

In the Topography of the Yun‐nan Province (edition of 1836) there is a catalogue of 141 classes of aborigines, each with a separate name and illustration, without any attempt to arrive at a broader classification.

Report, China, No. 1

Mr. Bourne has been led to the conviction that exclusive of the Tibetans (including Si‐fan and Ku‐tsung), there are but three great non‐Chinese races in Southern China: the Lolo, the Shan, and the Miao‐tzŭ. (Report, China, No. 1, 1888, p. 87.)

I. B. II.

(Carpini, p. 707; Rub., 243; Ramusio, II. 92; I. B. II. 428; Gaubil, 40, 147; Cathay, 314 seqq.)

Travels

To Mr. E. C. Baber we owe the most valuable information regarding the Lolo people: ‘Lolo’ is itself a word of insult, of unknown Chinese origin, which should not be used in their presence, although they excuse it and will even sometimes employ it in the case of ignorant strangers. (Baber, Travels, 66–67.)

Historical Atlas

According to Oxenham, Historical Atlas, there were ten provinces or sheng (Liao‐yang, Chung‐shu, Shen‐si, Ho‐nan, Sze‐ch’wan, Yun‐nan, Hu‐kwang, Kiang‐che, Kiang‐si and Kan‐suh) and twelve military governorships.—H. C.

Frontière

The Moso call themselves Nashi and are called Djiung by the Tibetans; their ancient capital is Li‐kiang fu … They have a special hieroglyphic scrip, a specimen of which has been given by Devéria. (Frontière, p. 166.) and later (Devéria, Front., p. 99, 117; Bourne, Report, p. 88.)

Mél. de Harlez

Chapter iv. of the Chinese work, Sze-i-kwan-k’ao, is devoted to the Pa-y, including the sub-divisions of Muong-Yang, Muong-Ting, Nan-tien, Tsien-ngaï, Lung-chuen, Wei-yuan, Wan-tien, Chen-k’ang, Ta-how, Mang-shi, Kin-tung, Ho-tsin, Cho-lo tien. (Devéria, Mél. de Harlez, p. 97.)

T’oung-Pao

Devéria gives (p. 105) a specimen of the Pa-y writing (16th century). (See on this scrip, F. W. K. Müller, T’oung-Pao, III. p. 1, and V. p. 329; E. H. Parker, The Muong Language, China Review, I. 1891, p. 267; P. Lefèvre-Pontalis, Etudes sur quelques alphabets et vocab. Thais, T’oung-Pao, III. pp. 39–64.)

The Muong Language, China Review

Etudes sur quelques alphabets et vocab. Thais, T’oung-Pao

Richthofen

(See Richthofen as quoted at pp. 45–46.)

Baber

Baber writes (pp. 80–81): “Colonel Yule sees in the word Caindu a variation of ‘Chien-ch’ang,’ and supposes the syllable ‘du’ to be the same as the termination ‘du,’ ‘do,’ or ‘tu,’ so frequent in Tibetan names. In such names, however, ‘do’ never means a district, but always a confluence, or a town near a confluence, as might almost be guessed from a map of Tibet.... Unsatisfied with Colonel Yule’s identification, I cast about for another, and thought for a while that a clue had been found in the term ‘Chien-t’ou’ (sharp‐head), applied to certain Lolo tribes.

Mélanges de Harlez

…; whilst the Cain, as Baron Richthofen has pointed out, probably survives in the first part of the name Kienchang. (Mélanges de Harlez, p. 97.)

Ramusio

Thus Ramusio prints the province under Yachi as Carajan, and that under Ta‐li as Carazan, whilst Marsden, following out his system for the conversion of Ramusio’s orthography, makes the former Karaian and the latter Karazan.

Marsden

…whilst Marsden, following out his system for the conversion of Ramusio’s orthography, makes the former Karaian and the latter Karazan.

Pauthier

Pauthier prints Caraian all through, a fact so far valuable as showing that his texts make no distinction between the names of the two governments, but the form impedes the recognition of the old Mongol nomenclature.

Quatremère’s Rashiduddin

See Quatremère’s Rashiduddin, pp. lxxxvi–xcvi. My quotation is made up from two citations by Quatremère, one from his text of Rashiduddin, and the other from the History of Benaketi, which Quatremère shows to have been drawn from Rashiduddin, whilst it contains some particulars not existing in his own text of that author.

History of Benaketi

…one from his text of Rashiduddin, and the other from the History of Benaketi, which Quatremère shows to have been drawn from Rashiduddin, whilst it contains some particulars not existing in his own text of that author.

Garnier’s Work

A Saracen of Carajan, being a portrait of a Mahomedan Mullah in Western Yun‐nan. (From Garnier’s Work.) And the cut (p. 68), from Garnier, shows this lake as seen from a villa on its banks.

Three Years

[Mr. Hosie writes (Three Years, 112–113): “If the former tradition be true (the old city of Ning-yuan having given place to a large lake in the early years of the Ming Dynasty), the lake had no existence when Marco Polo passed through Caindu, and yet we find him mentioning a lake in the country in which pearls were found.…

Mandalay to Momien

Dr. Anderson says (Mandalay to Momien, p. 203): “Gold is brought to Momein from Yonephin and Sherg-wan villages, fifteen days’ march to the north‐east; but no information could be obtained as to the quantity found. It is also brought in leaf, which is sent to Burma, where it is in extensive demand.”

Land of the Lamas

[Mr. Rockhill remarks (Land of the Lamas, p. 196 note) that “Marco Polo speaks of the Yang-tzŭ as the Brius, and Orazio della Penna calls it Biciu, both words representing the Tibetan Dré ch’u.…

Lives of the Lindsays

(Thomas, in J. R. A. S. N.S. II. 147; Lives of the Lindsays, III. 169, 170.)

Pemberton’s Report on the Eastern Frontier

Pemberton’s Report on the Eastern Frontier, 108 seqq.; …

Pallegoix (Dict.)

Pallegoix (Dict. p. 85) has Chào, Princeps, rex.—H. C.

Captain Gill

Captain Gill (II. p. 302) writes: “Ta-li fu is an ancient city … it is the Carajan of Marco Polo…. Marco’s description of the lake of Yun-Nan may be perfectly well applied to the Lake of Ta-li…”

Where’s my Serpent of Old Nile?

the term serpent is applied by many old writers to crocodiles and the like, e.g. by Odoric, and perhaps allusively by Shakspeare (“Where’s my Serpent of Old Nile?”).

Baber’s Travels among the Lolos

The cut (p. 83) is well explained by this passage of Baber’s Travels among the Lolos (p. 71): “They make their own swords, three and a half to five spans long, with square heads, and have bows which it takes three men to draw, but no muskets.”

Sir Thopas

in mediæval costume; e.g. in the leggings of Sir Thopas:— “His jambeux were of cuirbouly, His swerdës sheth of ivory, His helme of latoun bright.”

Marsden’s Sumatra

The actual practice of the Zardandan is, however, followed by some of the people of Sumatra, as both Marsden and Raffles testify: “The great men sometimes set their teeth in gold, by casing with a plate of that metal the under row ...”

Raffles’s Java

(Marsden’s Sumatra, 3rd ed., p. 52; Raffles’s Java, I. 105; Bickmore’s Ind. Archipelago.)

Bickmore’s Ind. Archipelago

(Marsden’s Sumatra, 3rd ed., p. 52; Raffles’s Java, I. 105; Bickmore’s Ind. Archipelago.)

The River of Golden Sand

In his second volume of The River of Golden Sand, Captain Gill has two chapters (viii. and ix.) with the title: In the footsteps of Marco Polo and of Augustus Margary devoted to The Land of the Gold-Teeth and The Marches of the Kingdom of Mien.

Southey’s Ballads

‘But,’ quoth the Traveller, ‘wherefore did he leave A flock that knew his saintly worth so well?’ ••••• (See Sindh, pp. 86, 388; Ind. Antiq. I. 13; Southey’s Ballads, etc., ed. Routledge, p. 330.)

Luciniade

Professor Vinson quotes the following curious passage from the poem in ten cantos, Luciniade, by Sacombe, of Carcassonne (Paris and Nîmes, 1790): “En Amérique, en Corse, et chez l’Ibérien, …

Aucassin and Nicolete

… but the story is humorously introduced, as Pauthier has noticed, in the Mediæval Fabliau of Aucassin and Nicolete: Aucassin arriving at the castle of Torelore asks for the king and is told he is in child‐bed; …

Hist. of Human Marriage

E. Westermarck, Hist. of Human Marriage, 106, seqq.;

De Couvade bij de Volken v.d. Indischen Archipel

G. A. Wilken, De Couvade bij de Volken v.d. Indischen Archipel, Bijdr. Ind. Inst., 5th ser., iv. p. 250.

Histoire naturelle ... des Iles Antilles

the Histoire naturelle ... des Iles Antilles, which was published for the first time at Rotterdam, in 1658, 4to., writes: “C’est qu’au méme tems que la femme est delivrée le mary se met au lit, pour s’y plaindre and y faire l’acouchée: …”

Ouvrages anonymes

(see Barbier, Ouvrages anonymes) of the Histoire naturelle ... des Iles Antilles

Mœurs des Sauvages Ameriquains

Lafitau (Mœurs des Sauvages Ameriquains, I. pp. 49–50) says on the authority of Rochefort: “Je la trouve chez les Ibériens ou les premiers Peuples d’Espagne …”

Early History of Mankind

Dr. Tylor, in the third edition of his valuable Early History of Mankind, published in 1878 (Murray), has added (pp. 291 seqq.) many more proofs to support what he had already said on the subject.

Voyage dans le Nord du Brésil

There is a very curious account of it in the Voyage dans le Nord du Brésil made by Father Yves d’Evreux in 1613 and 1614 (see pp. 88–89 of the reprint, Paris, 1864, and the note of the learned Ferdinand Denis, pp. 411–412).

Durch Central-Brasilien ... im Jahre 1884

Compare with Durch Central-Brasilien ... im Jahre 1884 von K.v. den Steinen.

Among the Indians of Guiana....

the following extract from Among the Indians of Guiana.... By Everard im Thurn (1883), will settle, I think, the question: “Turning from the story of the day to the story of the life, we may begin at the beginning, that is, at the birth of the children.…”

Origin of Civilisation and Primitive Condition of Man

Lord Avebury also speaks of la couvade as existing among the Chinese of West Yun-nan. (Origin of Civilisation and Primitive Condition of Man, p. 18).

Cathay, etc.

Cathay, etc., p. ccl. and p. 442

Lecomte, II. 91

Oriental Commerce

Milburne’s Oriental Commerce, II. 510

Sonnerat, II. 17

Etude, Pratique, etc.

Hedde, Etude, Pratique, etc., p. 14

Chinese Commercial Guide

Williams, Chinese Commercial Guide, p. 129

Timkowski, II. 202

Alcock, I. 281

Alcock, II. 411

The Tinnevelly Shanars

The Tinnevelly Shanars, by the Rev. R. Caldwell, B.A., Madras, 1849, pp. 19–20.

Yuen-shi or Annals of the Mongol Dynasty

In Pauthier’s extracts from the Yuen-shi or Annals of the Mongol Dynasty, there is an incidental but precise confirmation of this...

Martini

Martini, 135

Bridgman

Bridgman, 259, 262

Eng. Cyclop. sub v. Tally

Notes and Queries, 1st ser. X. 485

Tour du Monde

Dr. Harmand mentions (Tour du Monde, 1877, No. VII.) the same fact among the Khas of Central Laos;

Populations du nord de l’Indo-Chine

M. Pierre Lefèvre-Pontalis (Populations du nord de l’Indo-Chine, 1892, p. 22, from the J. As.) says he saw these tallies among the Khas of Luang-Prabang.

Sketch of the Singphos, or the Kakhyens of Burma

“Singpho,” says Colonel Hannay, “signifies in the Kakhyen language ‘a man,’ and all of this race who have settled in Hookong or Assam are thus designated; the reason of their change of name I could not ascertain, but so much importance seems to be attached to it, that the Singphos, in talking of their eastern and southern neighbours, call them Kakhyens or Kakoos, and consider it an insult to be called so themselves.” (Sketch of the Singphos, or the Kakhyens of Burma, Calcutta, 1847, pp. 3–4.)

Pauthier’s Chinese extracts

If, however, the Kakhyens, or Kachyens (as Major Sladen calls them), are represented by the Go-tchang of Pauthier’s Chinese extracts, these seem to be distinguished from the Kin-Chi, though associated with them. (See pp. 397, 411.)

The Third Book of Maccabees

The Third Book of Maccabees is the most astounding in this way, alleging that a single elephant carried 32 stout men, besides the Indian Mahaut.

Life of Apollonius

Friar Jordanus is, no doubt, building on the Maccabees rather than on his own Oriental experience when he says that the elephant “carrieth easily more than 30 men.” Philostratus, in his Life of Apollonius, speaks of 10 to 15; Ibn Batuta of about 20; and a great elephant sent by Timur to the Sultan of Egypt is said to have carried 20 drummers.

Hierozoicon

Bochart, Hierozoicon, ed. 3rd, p. 266

Cochin China, etc.

Cochin China, etc., London, 1633, ed. 3

Hist. Militaire des Eléphants

Armandi, Hist. Militaire des Eléphants, 259 seqq. 442.

Anderson’s Report on Expedition to Western Yunnan

(See Anderson’s Report on Expedition to Western Yunnan, p. 160.)

Pauthier’s text

Note 1.—The name of the city appears as Amien both in Pauthier’s text here, and in the G. Text in the preceding chapter. In the Bern MS. it is Aamien.

G. Text

Note 1.—The name of the city appears as Amien both in Pauthier’s text here, and in the G. Text in the preceding chapter.

Bern MS.

In the Bern MS. it is Aamien.

Pegu Chronicle

In Dr. Mason’s abstract of the Pegu Chronicle we find the notable statement with reference to this period that “the Emperor of China, having subjugated Pagán, his troops with the Burmese entered Pegu and invested several cities.”

Narrative of Phayre’s Mission

in the Narrative of Phayre’s Mission, ch. ii.

Burmese Royal Annals

given by Colonel Burney, and again by Sir A. Phayre in the J. A. S. B. (IV. 401, and XXXVII. Pt. I. p. 101.)

Mémoires

Both Pagán and Malé are mentioned in a remarkable Chinese notice extracted in Amyot’s Mémoires (XIV. 292): “Mien-Tien ... had five chief towns, of which the first was Kiangtheu [...]”

Burmah

Mason’s Burmah, 2nd ed. p. 26

Life in China

Milne’s Life in China, pp. 288, 450

Ramusio

Ramusio, the printed text of the Soc. de Géographie, and most editions have Amu; Pauthier reads Aniu, and there are variants in the texts.

D’Ohsson

This was probably Singtur [...] (See D’Ohsson, II. 461.) (Pp. 405, 416; see also D’Ohsson, II. 444 [and Visdelou].)

Visdelou

see also D’Ohsson, II. 444 [and Visdelou].

Ayeen Akbery

see the Ayeen Akbery, II. 9–11

Barbosa’s chapter on Bengal

…especially the province of Silhet, see the Ayeen Akbery, II. 9–11, Barbosa’s chapter on Bengal, and De Barros (Ramusio I. 316 and 391).

De Barros

…and De Barros (Ramusio I. 316 and 391).

Chronicle of the Shan State of Pong

I may also refer to Pemberton’s abstract of the Chronicle of the Shan State of Pong in the Upper Irawadi valley...

Pipino’s version

Anyn is also found in the Latin Brandenburg MS. of Pipino’s version collated by Andrew Müller, to which, however, we cannot ascribe much weight.

Asia Polyglotta

Documents in Klaproth’s Asia Polyglotta show that...

Frontière

…(Devéria, Frontière, p. 100.)

Mél. de Harlez

…(Devéria, Mél. de Harlez, p. 97.)

Elliot

…probably corrupt readings (in Elliot I. 72).

Bern MS.

Note 1.—The only MSS. that afford the reading Coloman or Choloman instead of Toloman or Tholoman, are the Bern MS., which has Coloman in the initial word of the chapter, Paris MS. 5649 (Pauthier’s C) which has Coloman in the Table of Chapters, but not in the text, the Bodleian, and the Brandenburg MS. quoted in the last note.

Paris MS. 5649 (Pauthier’s C)

Bodleian

Brandenburg MS.

Tract on Meautsze

See Bridgman’s transl. of Tract on Meautsze, pp. 265, 269, 270, 272, 273, 274, 275, 278, 279, 280.

Book of the Estate of the Great Kaan

It is the case, however, that the author of the Book of the Estate of the Great Kaan (circa 1330) also speaks of cremation as the usual Chinese practice, and that Ibn Batuta says positively: ‘The Chinese are infidels and idolaters, and they burn their dead after the manner of the Hindus.’

D’Anville’s Atlas

D’Anville’s Atlas brings Kiaochi up to the Mekong in immediate contact with Che-li or Kiang Hung.

Jih Che Luh (Daily Jottings)

‘On this subject compare the article entitled Huo Tsang, or ‘Cremation Burials,’ in Bk. XV of the Jih Che Luh, or ‘Daily Jottings,’ a great collection of miscellaneous notes on classical, historical, and antiquarian subjects, by Ku Yen-wu, a celebrated author of the 17th century.

D’Anville’s Map of Shan-tung

Murray suggests that Lingiu is a place which appears in D’Anville’s Map of Shan-tung as Lintching-y

Arrowsmith’s Map of China

and in Arrowsmith’s Map of China (also in those of Berghaus and Keith Johnston) as Lingchinghien.

Berghaus

also in those of Berghaus and Keith Johnston

Keith Johnston

also in those of Berghaus and Keith Johnston

Playfair’s Dict. No. 4276

Lin-ch’ing, Lin-tsing, lat. 37° 03′, Playfair’s Dict. No. 4276

Biot, p. 107

Biot, p. 107.—H. C.

Astley, III. 524–525

The town stands on the flat alluvial of the Hwang-Ho, and is approached by high embanked roads. (Astley, III. 524–525.)

Sketches of China, I. p. 265

[Sir J. F. Davis writes: “From Sootsien Hien to the point of junction with the Yellow River, a length of about fifty miles, …” (Sketches of China, I. p. 265.)

J. R. G. S. XXVIII. 294–295

[J. R. G. S. XXVIII. 294–295; Escayrac de Lauture, Mém. sur la Chine; Cathay, p. 125.—H. C.]

Escayrac de Lauture, Mém. sur la Chine

[J. R. G. S. XXVIII. 294–295; Escayrac de Lauture, Mém. sur la Chine; Cathay, p. 125.—H. C.]

Cathay, p. 125

[J. R. G. S. XXVIII. 294–295; Escayrac de Lauture, Mém. sur la Chine; Cathay, p. 125.—H. C.]

Reports of Journeys in China, etc. [by Consuls Alabaster, Oxenham, etc., Parl. Blue Book], 1869, pp. 4–5, 14

[… Reports of Journeys in China, etc. [by Consuls Alabaster, Oxenham, etc., Parl. Blue Book], 1869, pp. 4–5, 14; Mr. Elias in J. R. G. S. XL. p. 1 seqq.]

Mr. Elias in J. R. G. S. XL. p. 1 seqq.

[… Reports of Journeys in China, etc. …; Mr. Elias in J. R. G. S. XL. p. 1 seqq.]

Baber, 423

Note 3.—Bayan ... (See Baber, 423.)

Palladius in J. R. G. S. vol. xlii. p. 154

And Mr. Moule has found the word, apparently used in Marco’s exact sense, in a Chinese extract … (Palladius in J. R. G. S. vol. xlii. p. 154.)

De Mailla, IX. 335, 458, 461–463

De Mailla gives a noble eulogy of a Tartar warrior: “He was endowed with a lofty genius, …” (De Mailla, IX. 335, 458, 461–463.)

Quat. Rashid., xci.–xciii.

‘Khatai,’ says Rashiduddin, … (Quat. Rashid., xci.–xciii.)

Wassáf, Hammer’s ed., p. 41

… so he sent word to Payan: ‘In my youth …’ (Wassáf, Hammer’s ed., p. 41).

E. H. Parker, China Review, XXIV. p. 105

The inventory, records, etc., of Kinsai … (E. H. Parker, China Review, XXIV. p. 105.)

Lettres Édifiantes (xxiv. 45 seqq.)

There is a curious account in the Lettres Édifiantes (xxiv. 45 seqq.) by P. Parrenin

D’Ohsson

(Gaubil; D’Ohsson; De Mailla; Cathay, p. 272.)

Gaubil

(Gaubil; D’Ohsson; De Mailla; Cathay, p. 272.)

Cathay, p. 272

(Gaubil; D’Ohsson; De Mailla; Cathay, p. 272.)

Gaubil, 159

Bayan’s orders to the generals … (Gaubil, 159; D’Ohsson, II. 398.)

D’Ohsson, II. 398

Bayan’s orders to the generals … (Gaubil, 159; D’Ohsson, II. 398.)

E. H. Parker, China Review, February, March 1901, p. 195

The amount that the King used to expend was perfectly marvellous … (E. H. Parker, China Review, February, March 1901, p. 195.)

Yuen-shi (ch. cxxvii.)

The biography of this valiant captain is found in the Yuen-shi (ch. cxxvii.)

Cathay, pp. 314–315

a letter from certain Christian nobles at Khanbaligh, which Wadding quotes from the Papal archives. (See Cathay, pp. 314–315.)

Lettres Édifiantes

Note 7.—There is much about the exposure of children, and about Chinese foundling hospitals, in the Lettres Édifiantes, especially in Recueil xv. 83, seqq. It is there stated that frequently a person not in circumstances to pay for a wife for his son, would visit the foundling hospital to seek one.

Life in China

Mr. Milne (Life in China), and again Mr. Medhurst (Foreigner in Far Cathay), have discredited the great prevalence of infant exposure in China;

Foreigner in Far Cathay

Mr. Milne (Life in China), and again Mr. Medhurst (Foreigner in Far Cathay), have discredited the great prevalence of infant exposure in China;

L’Infanticide et l’Œuvre de la Ste. Enfance en Chine

Unfortunately, I have lost the reference. [See Father G. Palatre, L’Infanticide et l’Œuvre de la Ste. Enfance en Chine, 1878.—H. C.]

Sketches of China

According to Sir J. F. Davis, the situation of Hwai-ngan “is in every respect remarkable. A part of the town was so much below the level of the canal, that only the tops of the walls (at least 25 feet high) could be seen from our boats.... It proved to be, next to Tien-tsin, by far the largest and most populous place we had yet seen, the capital itself excepted.” (Sketches of China, I. pp. 277–278.)

Sketches of China

Paukin is Pao-ying-Hien [a populous place, considerably below the level of the canal (Davis, Sketches, I. pp. 279–280)]; Cayu is Kao-yu-chau, both cities on the east side of the canal.

Froissart

Froissart several times mentions such measures, as at the siege of Thin l’Evêque on the Scheldt in 1340, when “the besiegers by their engines flung dead horses and other carrion into the castle to poison the garrison by their smell.”

Spanish Chronicle

Lipsius quotes from a Spanish Chronicle the story of a virtuous youth, Pelagius, who, by order of the Tyrant Abderramin, was shot across the Guadalquivir, but lighted unharmed upon the rocks beyond.

Ramon de Muntaner

Ramon de Muntaner relates how King James of Aragon, besieging Majorca in 1228, vowed vengeance against the Saracen King because he shot Christian prisoners into the besiegers’ camp.

Marino Sanudo

Marino Sanudo uses no word but Machina, which he appears to employ as the Latin equivalent of Mangonel, whilst the machine which he describes is a Trebuchet with moveable counterpoise.

Quatremère

Such a case is that cited by Quatremère, from an Oriental author, of the discharge of stones weighing 400 mans, certainly not less than 800 lbs., and possibly much more; or that of the Men of Bern, who are reported, when besieging Nidau in 1388, to have employed trebuchets which shot daily into the town upwards of 200 blocks weighing 12 cwt. apiece.

Stella

Stella relates that the Genoese armament sent against Cyprus, in 1373, among other great machines had one called Troja (Truia?), which cast stones of 12 to 18 hundredweights; and when the Venetians were besieging the revolted city of Zara in 1346, their Engineer, Master Francesco delle Barche, shot into the city stones of 3000 lbs. weight.

Mid. Kingd. I.

From this second mention of three years as a term of government, we may probably gather that this was the usual period for the tenure of such office. (Mid. Kingd., I. 86; Cathay, p. xciii.)

P. Vincenzo

…(P. Vincenzo, p. 443.)

Album of Villard de Honnecourt

Indeed in the Album of Villard de Honnecourt, an architect of the 13th century, which was published at Paris in 1858, in the notes accompanying a plan of a trebuchet (from which Professor Willis restored the machine as it is shown in our fig. 19), the artist remarks: “It is a great job to heave down the beam, for the counterpoise is very heavy. For it consists of a chest full of earth which is 2 great toises in length, 8 feet in breadth, and 12 feet in depth!” (p. 203).

Richard Cœur de Lion

The romance of Richard Cœur de Lion tells how in the King’s Fleet an entire ship was taken up by one such machine with its gear:— “Another schyp was laden yet With an engyne hyghte Robinet, (It was Richardys o mangonel) And all the takyl that thereto fel.”

Abulf. Ann. Muslem

A great machine which cumbered the Tower of St. Paul at Orléans, and was dismantled previous to the celebrated defence against the English, furnished 26 cart-loads of timber. (Abulf. Ann. Muslem, V. 95–97; Weber, II. 56; Michel’s Joinville, App. p. 278; Jollois, H. du Siège d’Orléans, 1833, p. 12.)

Weber

Michel’s Joinville

H. du Siège d’Orléans

Villehardouin

Villehardouin says that the fleet which went from Venice to the attack of Constantinople carried more than 300 perriers and mangonels, besides quantities of other engines required for a siege (ch. xxxviii).

Makrizi

At the siege of Acre in 1291, just referred to, the Saracens, according to Makrizi, set 92 engines in battery against the city, whilst Abulfaraj says 300, and a Frank account, of great and small, 666.

Abulfaraj

Makrizi

the larger ones are said to have shot stones of “a kantar and even more.” (Makrizi, III. 125; Reinaud, Chroniques Arabes, etc., p. 570; De Excidio Urbis Acconis, in Martène and Durand, V. 769.)

Chroniques Arabes

the larger ones are said to have shot stones of “a kantar and even more.” (Makrizi, III. 125; Reinaud, Chroniques Arabes, etc., p. 570; De Excidio Urbis Acconis, in Martène and Durand, V. 769.)

De Excidio Urbis Acconis

the larger ones are said to have shot stones of “a kantar and even more.” (Makrizi, III. 125; Reinaud, Chroniques Arabes, etc., p. 570; De Excidio Urbis Acconis, in Martène and Durand, V. 769.)

Ibn Batuta

When the garrison of Dehli refused to open the gates to Aláuddin Khilji after the murder of his uncle, Firúz (1296), he loaded his mangonels with bags of gold and shot them into the fort, a measure which put an end to the opposition. Ibn Batuta, forty years later, describes Mahomed Tughlak as entering Dehli accompanied by elephants carrying small balistae (ra’ádát), from which gold and silver pieces were shot among the crowd. And the same king, when he had given the crazy and cruel order that the population of Dehli should evacuate the city and depart to Deogir, 900 miles distant, having found two men skulking behind, one of whom was paralytic and the other blind, caused the former to be shot from a mangonel. (I. B. III. 395, 315.)

Etudes sur le Passé et l’Avenir de l’Artillerie, par L. N. Bonaparte, etc., tom. II.

(Etudes sur le Passé et l’Avenir de l’Artillerie, par L. N. Bonaparte, etc., tom. II.; Marinus Sanutius, Bk. II. Pt. 4, ch. xxi. and xxii.; Kington’s Fred. II., II. 488; Froissart, I. 69, 81, 182; Elliot, III. 41, etc.; Hewitt’s Ancient Armour, I. 350; Pertz, Scriptores, XVIII. 420, 751; Q. R. 135–7; Weber, III. 103; Hammer, Ilch. II. 95.)

Marinus Sanutius, Bk. II. Pt. 4, ch. xxi. and xxii.

Fred. II., II. 488

(... Kington’s Fred. II., II. 488; Froissart, I. 69, 81, 182; Elliot, III. 41, etc.; Hewitt’s Ancient Armour, I. 350; Pertz, Scriptores, XVIII. 420, 751; Q. R. 135–7; Weber, III. 103; Hammer, Ilch. II. 95.)

Froissart, I. 69, 81, 182

(... Froissart, I. 69, 81, 182; Elliot, III. 41, etc.; Hewitt’s Ancient Armour, I. 350; Pertz, Scriptores, XVIII. 420, 751; Q. R. 135–7; Weber, III. 103; Hammer, Ilch. II. 95.)

Elliot, III. 41, etc.

(... Elliot, III. 41, etc.; Hewitt’s Ancient Armour, I. 350; Pertz, Scriptores, XVIII. 420, 751; Q. R. 135–7; Weber, III. 103; Hammer, Ilch. II. 95.)

Ancient Armour, I. 350

(... Hewitt’s Ancient Armour, I. 350; Pertz, Scriptores, XVIII. 420, 751; Q. R. 135–7; Weber, III. 103; Hammer, Ilch. II. 95.)

Scriptores, XVIII. 420, 751

(... Pertz, Scriptores, XVIII. 420, 751; Q. R. 135–7; Weber, III. 103; Hammer, Ilch. II. 95.)

Q. R. 135–7

(... Q. R. 135–7; Weber, III. 103; Hammer, Ilch. II. 95.)

Weber, III. 103

(... Weber, III. 103; Hammer, Ilch. II. 95.)

Ilch. II. 95

(... Hammer, Ilch. II. 95.)

Cathay

From this second mention of three years as a term of government, we may probably gather that this was the usual period for the tenure of such office. (Mid. Kingd., I. 86; Cathay, p. xciii.)

N. Ann. des Voyages

and as may be seen in Vivien de St. Martin’s elaborate paper on the Alans (N. Ann. des Voyages, 1848, tom. 3, p. 129 seqq.).

Carpini

(Carpini, p. 707; Rub., 243; Ramusio, II. 92; I. B. II. 428; Gaubil, 40, 147; Cathay, 314 seqq.)

Marino Sanudo

Marino Sanudo, about the same time, speaks of the range of these engines with a prophetic sense of the importance of artillery in war: “On this subject (length of range) the engineers and experts of the army should employ their very sharpest wits. For if the shot of one army, whether engine-stones or pointed projectiles, have a longer range than the shot of the enemy, rest assured that the side whose artillery hath the longest range will have a vast advantage in action. Plainly, if the Christian shot can take effect on the Pagan forces, whilst the Pagan shot cannot reach the Christian forces, it may be safely asserted that the Christians will continually gain ground from the enemy, or, in other words, they will win the battle.”

Ramusio

In Ramusio the two Polos propose to Kúblái to make “mangani al modo di Ponente”.

Du Feu Grégeois

(See Du Feu Grégeois, by MM. Reinaud and Favé, p. 193.)

River of Golden Sand

Captain Gill writes (River of Golden Sand, I. p. 148): “The word ‘P’ao’ which now means ‘cannon,’ was, it was asserted, found in old Chinese books of a date anterior to that in which gunpowder was first known to Europeans; hence the deduction was drawn that the Chinese were acquainted with gunpowder before it was used in the West. But close examination shows that in all old books the radical of the character ‘P’ao’ means ‘stone,’ but that in modern books the radical of the character ‘P’ao’ means ‘fire’; that the character with the radical ‘fire’ only appears in books well known to have been written since the introduction of gunpowder into the West; and that the old character ‘P’ao’ in reality means ‘Balista.’” –H. C.

Tabaḳát-i-Násiri

The Persian History called Tabaḳát-i-Násiri speaks of Aikah Nowin the Manjaníki Khás or Engineer-in-Chief to Chinghiz Khan, and his corps of ten thousand Manjaníkis or Mangonellers.

D’Ohsson

Rashiduddin also mentions the siege of Siang-yang, as we learn from D’Ohsson, II. 35, and 391.

Pauthier’s MS. B

an omission which occurs both in Pauthier’s MS. B and in Ramusio.

Annales Marbacenses

The Annales Marbacenses in Pertz, XVII. 172, say under 1212, speaking of wars of the Emperor Otho in Germany: “Ibi tunc cepit haberi usus instrumenti bellici quod vulgo tribok appellari solet.”

Playfair’s Dict.

See Gaubil, p. 93, note 4; Biot, p. 275 [and Playfair’s Dict., p. 393].

Sketches of China

Sir J. F. Davis writes (Sketches of China, II. p. 6): “Two ... days ... were occupied in exploring the half-deserted town of Kwa-chow, whose name signifies ‘the island of gourds,’ being completely insulated by the river and canal. We took a long walk along the top of the walls, which were as usual of great thickness, and afforded a broad level platform behind the parapet: the parapet itself, about six feet high, did not in thickness exceed the length of a brick and a half, and the embrasures were evidently not constructed for cannon, being much too high. A very considerable portion of the area within the walls consisted of burial-grounds planted with cypress; and this alone was a sufficient proof of the decayed condition of the place, as in modern or fully inhabited cities no person can be buried within the walls. Almost every spot bore traces of ruin, and there appeared to be but one good street in the whole town; this, however, was full of shops, and as busy as Chinese streets always are.”

Mohammed

Professor Sprenger informs me that the first mention of the Manjanik in Mahomedan history is at the siege of Táyif by Mahomed himself, A.D. 630 (and see Sprenger’s Mohammed [German], III. 330).

Daru, Bk. viii. § 12

Georg. Stellae Ann. in Muratori, XVII. 1105; and Daru, Bk. viii. § 12.

Shaw, Dresses and Decorations of the Middle Ages, vol. i. No 21

Shaw, Dresses and Decorations of the Middle Ages, vol. i. No 21.

Cathay

Shops, taverns, and villages line the road on both sides, so that dwelling succeeds dwelling without intermission throughout the whole space of 40 days’ journey.” (Cathay, 259–260.)

Pauthier

Pauthier gives the statistics of the transport of rice by this canal from 1283 to the end of Kúblái’s reign, and for some subsequent years up to 1329. In the latter year the quantity reached 3,522,163 shi or 1,247,633 quarters. (Pauthier, p. 481–482; De Mailla, p. 439.)

De Mailla

Williamson

Compare that given by Mr. Williamson (I. 62).

Davis’s Chinese

“On the Kiang, not far from the mouth, is that remarkably beautiful little island called the ‘Golden Isle,’ surmounted by numerous temples inhabited by the votaries of Buddha or Fo, and very correctly described so many centuries since by Marco Polo.” (Davis’s Chinese, I. 149.)

J. R. A. S. XII

(Gützlaff in J. R. A. S. XII. 87; Mid. Kingd. I. 84, 86; Oliphant’s Narrative, II. 301; N. and Q. Ch. and Jap. No. 5, p. 58.)

Mid. Kingd. I.

(Gützlaff in J. R. A. S. XII. 87; Mid. Kingd. I. 84, 86; Oliphant’s Narrative, II. 301; N. and Q. Ch. and Jap. No. 5, p. 58.)

Oliphant’s Narrative, II.

(Gützlaff in J. R. A. S. XII. 87; Mid. Kingd. I. 84, 86; Oliphant’s Narrative, II. 301; N. and Q. Ch. and Jap. No. 5, p. 58.)

N. and Q. Ch. and Jap. No. 5

(Gützlaff in J. R. A. S. XII. 87; Mid. Kingd. I. 84, 86; Oliphant’s Narrative, II. 301; N. and Q. Ch. and Jap. No. 5, p. 58.)

Treaty Ports of China

Chên-kiang, “a name which may be translated ‘River Guard,’ stands at the point where the Grand Canal is brought to a junction with the waters of the Yang-tzŭ when the channel of the river proper begins to expand into an extensive tidal estuary.” (Treaty Ports of China, p. 421.)

Chinese Recorder

From this document we see that “Sie-mi-sze-hien (Samarcand) is distant from China 100,000 li (probably a mistake for 10,000) to the north-west. It is a country where the religion of the Ye-li-k’o-wen dominates.... The founder of the religion was called Ma-rh Ye-li-ya. He lived and worked miracles a thousand five hundred years ago. Ma Sie-li-ki-sze (Mar Sergius) is a follower of him.” (Chinese Recorder, VI. p. 108).

Rub.

(Carpini, p. 707; Rub., 243; Ramusio, II. 92; I. B. II. 428; Gaubil, 40, 147; Cathay, 314 seqq.)

Gaubil

(Carpini, p. 707; Rub., 243; Ramusio, II. 92; I. B. II. 428; Gaubil, 40, 147; Cathay, 314 seqq.)

Cathay

(Carpini, p. 707; Rub., 243; Ramusio, II. 92; I. B. II. 428; Gaubil, 40, 147; Cathay, 314 seqq.)

Rubruck

Mr. Rockhill writes (Rubruck, p. 88, note): “The Alans or Aas appear to be identical with the An-ts’ai or A-lan-na of the Hou Han shu (bk. 88, 9), of whom we read that ‘they led a pastoral life N.W. of Sogdiana (K’ang-chü) in a plain bounded by great lakes (or swamps), and in their wanderings went as far as the shores of the Northern Ocean.’ (Ma Twan-lin, bk. 338.) Pei-shih (bk. 97, 12) refers to them under the name of Su-tê and Wen-na-sha (see also Bretschneider, Med. Geog., 258, et seq.). Strabo refers to them under the name of Aorsi, living to the north but contiguous to the Albani, whom some authors confound with them, but whom later Armenian historians carefully distinguish from them (De Morgan, Mission, i. 232). (See also De Morgan, i. 202, and Deguignes, ii. 279 et seq.) “Ammianus Marcellinus (xxxi. 348) says, the Alans were a congeries of tribes living E. of the Tanais (Don), and stretching far into Asia. ‘Distributed over two continents, all these nations, ...’ Ibn Alathir, at a later date, also refers to the Alans as ‘formed of numerous nations.’ (Dulaurier, xiv. 455).

Hou Han shu

…“The Alans or Aas appear to be identical with the An-ts’ai or A-lan-na of the Hou Han shu (bk. 88, 9), …”

Ma Twan-lin

…‘they led a pastoral life N.W. of Sogdiana (K’ang-chü) in a plain bounded by great lakes (or swamps), and in their wanderings went as far as the shores of the Northern Ocean.’ (Ma Twan-lin, bk. 338.)

Pei-shih

…Pei-shih (bk. 97, 12) refers to them under the name of Su-tê and Wen-na-sha (see also Bretschneider, Med. Geog., 258, et seq.).

Bretschneider, Med. Geog.

…(see also Bretschneider, Med. Geog., 258, et seq.).

Strabo

…Strabo refers to them under the name of Aorsi, living to the north but contiguous to the Albani…

De Morgan, Mission

…(De Morgan, Mission, i. 232).

De Morgan, i. 202

…(See also De Morgan, i. 202, and Deguignes, ii. 279 et seq.)

Deguignes, ii. 279

…(See also De Morgan, i. 202, and Deguignes, ii. 279 et seq.)

Ammianus Marcellinus

…“Ammianus Marcellinus (xxxi. 348) says, the Alans were a congeries of tribes living E. of the Tanais (Don), and stretching far into Asia.…

Dulaurier

…Ibn Alathir, at a later date, also refers to the Alans as ‘formed of numerous nations.’ (Dulaurier, xiv. 455).

Ptolemy

Ptolemy speaks of this people as the ‘Scythian Alans’ (Ἀλανοί Σκύθαι).

Ibn Alathir

Ibn Alathir, at a later date, also refers to the Alans as ‘formed of numerous nations.’

Gaubil

(Gaubil, 166, 167, 170; Carpini, 696; Erdmann, 262; Quat. Rashid. 357.)

Carpini

(Gaubil, 166, 167, 170; Carpini, 696; Erdmann, 262; Quat. Rashid. 357.)

Erdmann

(Gaubil, 166, 167, 170; Carpini, 696; Erdmann, 262; Quat. Rashid. 357.)

Quat. Rashid.

(Gaubil, 166, 167, 170; Carpini, 696; Erdmann, 262; Quat. Rashid. 357.)

Fortune, I. 186

‘Everything remarkable was alleged to come from it; fine pictures, fine carved‐work, fine silks, and fine ladies!’ (Fortune, I. 186.) When the Emperor K’ang‐hi visited Su‐chau, the citizens laid the streets with carpets and silk stuffs, but the Emperor dismounted and made his train do the like.

Davis, I. 186

When the Emperor K’ang‐hi visited Su‐chau, the citizens laid the streets with carpets and silk stuffs, but the Emperor dismounted and made his train do the like. (Davis, I. 186.)

Van Braam, II. 107, 119–120, 124, 126

I believe we must not bring Marco to book for the literal accuracy of his statements as to the bridges; but all travellers have noticed the number and elegance of the bridges of cut stone in this part of China; see, for instance, Van Braam, II. 107, 119–120, 124, 126; and Deguignes, I. 47, who gives a particular account of the arches.

Deguignes, I. 47

see, for instance, Van Braam, II. 107, 119–120, 124, 126; and Deguignes, I. 47, who gives a particular account of the arches.

Rev. H. C. Du Bose, Chin. Rec., xix., 1888, p. 207

“Within the city there are, generally speaking, six canals from North to South, and six canals from East to West, intersecting one another at from a quarter to half a mile… ” (Rev. H. C. Du Bose, Chin. Rec., xix., 1888, p. 207).

Bretschneider, Hist. of Bot. Disc., I. p. 5

‘Polo is correct in giving Tangut as the native country of Rhubarb (Rheum palmatum), but no species of Rheum has hitherto been gathered by our botanists as far south as Kiang‐Su, indeed, not even in Shan‐tung.’ (Bretschneider, Hist. of Bot. Disc., I. p. 5.)

Hammer’s Wassáf, p. 42

…and Wassáf also in his notice of the same city has an obscure passage about Paradise and Heaven. [See Hammer’s Wassáf, p. 42.]

Quatremère’s Rashid., p. lxxxvii.

See Quatremère’s Rashid., p. lxxxvii., and Hammer’s Wassáf, p. 42.

T’oung Pao, V. pp. 386–390 (Ueber den Schiffsverkehr von Kinsay zu Marco Polo’s Zeit)

[Dr. F. Hirth, in a paper published in the T’oung Pao, V. pp. 386–390 (Ueber den Schiffsverkehr von Kinsay zu Marco Polo’s Zeit), has some interesting notes on the maritime trade of Hang‐chau…]

Mêng-liang-lu

…in which is to be found a description of Hang‐chau under the title of Mêng-liang-lu, published in 1274 by Wu Tzu-mu, himself a native of this city: there are various classes of sea‐going vessels…

Rubruquis

Though Rubruquis (p. 292) says much the same thing, there is little trace of such an ordinance in modern China.

Hanbury’s Notes on Chinese Mat. Medica

Their splendid yellow colour “is due to a body named crocine which appears to be identical with the polychroite of saffron.” (Hanbury’s Notes on Chinese Mat. Medica, pp. 21–22.)

Barrow’s Autobiog.

Barrow gives a bright description of the lake, with its thousands of gay, gilt, and painted pleasure boats, its margins studded with light and fanciful buildings, its gardens of choice flowering shrubs, its monuments, and beautiful variety of scenery. (Barrow’s Autobiog., p. 104; V. Braam, II. 154; Gardner in Proc. of the R. Geog. Soc., vol. xiii. p. 178; Q. Rashid, p. lxxxviii.)

V. Braam

Barrow gives a bright description of the lake... (Barrow’s Autobiog., p. 104; V. Braam, II. 154; Gardner in Proc. of the R. Geog. Soc., vol. xiii. p. 178; Q. Rashid, p. lxxxviii.)

Proc. of the R. Geog. Soc., vol. xiii

Barrow gives a bright description of the lake... (Gardner in Proc. of the R. Geog. Soc., vol. xiii. p. 178)

Q. Rashid

Barrow gives a bright description of the lake... (Q. Rashid, p. lxxxviii.)

Ramusio’s account

And Ramusio’s account is quite different: “There are numerous baths of cold water, provided with plenty of attendants, male and female, to assist the visitors of the two sexes in the bath…”

Pauthier’s text

There is a curious discrepancy in the account of these baths. Pauthier’s text does not say whether they are hot baths or cold.

Notes on Colonel Yule’s Edition of Marco Polo’s ‘Quinsay’

… a paper (Notes on Colonel Yule’s Edition of Marco Polo’s ‘Quinsay’) read before the North China Branch of the R. A. Soc. at Shang‐hai in December 1873.

Life in China

It existed before the rebellion, as I see in the book of Mr. Milne, who gives interesting details on such Chinese charities. (Life in China, pp. 46 seqq.)

Fortune

‘The people of Hang-chow dress gaily, and are remarkable among the Chinese for their dandyism. …’ (Fortune, II. 20.)

Ningpo Trade Report

The silk manufactures of Hang-chau are said to give employment to 60,000 persons within the city walls, and Hu-chau, Kia-hing, and the surrounding villages, are reputed to employ 100,000 more. (Ningpo Trade Report, January 1869, comm. by Mr. N. B. Dennys.)

Cathay

(Kingsmill, u.s. p. 53; Chin. Repos. III. 118; Middle Kingdom, I. 95–106; Bürck, p. 483; Cathay, p. cxciii; J. N. Ch. Br. R. A. Soc., December 1865, p. 3 seqq.; Escayrac de Lauture, Mém. sur la Chine, H. du Sol, p. 114.)

Kingsmill, u.s.

(Kingsmill, u.s. p. 53; Chin. Repos. III. 118; …)

Chin. Repos. III.

(Kingsmill, u.s. p. 53; Chin. Repos. III. 118; Middle Kingdom, I. 95–106; …)

Middle Kingdom, I.

(… Middle Kingdom, I. 95–106; Bürck, p. 483; …)

Bürck.

(… Bürck, p. 483; Cathay, p. cxciii; …)

J. N. Ch. Br. R. A. Soc., December 1865

(… J. N. Ch. Br. R. A. Soc., December 1865, p. 3 seqq.; …)

Escayrac de Lauture, Mém. sur la Chine, H. du Sol

(… Escayrac de Lauture, Mém. sur la Chine, H. du Sol, p. 114.)

Doolittle

(Doolittle, p. 138.)

Chine Moderne

In Pauthier’s Chine Moderne, we find extracts from the statutes of the reigning dynasty and the comments thereon...

Notes on Hangchow Past and Present

see also Notes on Hangchow Past and Present, a paper read in 1889 by Bishop G. E. Moule at a Meeting of the Hangchau Missionary Association...

China and Japan, vol. I

The tides reach Fuyang, 20 miles higher. (N. and Q., China and Japan, vol. I. p. 53; Mid. Kingd. I. 95, 106; J. N. Ch. Br. R. A. S., December, 1865, p. 6; Milne, p. 295; Note by Mr. Moule).

Mid. Kingd. I

The tides reach Fuyang, 20 miles higher. (N. and Q., China and Japan, vol. I. p. 53; Mid. Kingd. I. 95, 106; J. N. Ch. Br. R. A. S., December, 1865, p. 6; Milne, p. 295; Note by Mr. Moule).

J. N. Ch. Br. R. A. S., December, 1865

The tides reach Fuyang, 20 miles higher. (N. and Q., China and Japan, vol. I. p. 53; Mid. Kingd. I. 95, 106; J. N. Ch. Br. R. A. S., December, 1865, p. 6; Milne, p. 295; Note by Mr. Moule).

Milne

The tides reach Fuyang, 20 miles higher. (N. and Q., China and Japan, vol. I. p. 53; Mid. Kingd. I. 95, 106; J. N. Ch. Br. R. A. S., December, 1865, p. 6; Milne, p. 295; Note by Mr. Moule).

China

[Miss E. Scidmore writes (China, p. 294): “There are only three wonders of the world in China—The Demons at Tungchow, the Thunder at Lungchow, and the Great Tide at Hangchow, the last, the greatest of all, and a living wonder to this day of ‘the open door,’ while its rivals are lost in myth and oblivion.... The Great Bore charges up the narrowing river at a speed of ten and thirteen miles an hour, with a roar that can be heard for an hour before it arrives.”—H. C.]

Wassáf

Note 3.—The existence of the squares or market-places is alluded to by Wassáf in a passage that we shall quote below; and the Masálak-al-Absár speaks of the main street running from end to end of the city.

Masálak-al-Absár

Cathay

Friar Odoric (in China about 1324–1327):—“Departing thence I came unto the city of Cansay, a name which signifieth the ‘City of Heaven.’ And ’tis the greatest city in the whole world, so great indeed that I should scarcely venture to tell of it, but that I have met at Venice people in plenty who have been there. It is a good hundred miles in compass, and there is not in it a span of ground which is not well peopled. And many a tenement is there which shall have 10 or 12 households comprised in it. And there be also great suburbs which contain a greater population than even the city itself.... This city is situated upon lagoons of standing water, with canals like the city of Venice. And it hath more than 12,000 bridges, on each of which are stationed guards, guarding the city on behalf of the Great Kaan. And at the side of this city there flows a river near which it is built, like Ferrara by the Po, for it is longer than it is broad,” (Cathay, 113 seqq.)

The Archbishop of Soltania

The Archbishop of Soltania (circa 1330):—“And so vast is the number of people that the soldiers alone who are posted to keep ward in the city of Cambalec are 40,000 men by sure tale. And in the city of Cassay there be yet more, for its people is greater in number, seeing that it is a city of very great trade. And to this city all the traders of the country come to trade; and greatly it aboundeth in all manner of merchandize.” (Ib. 244–245.)

John Marignolli

John Marignolli (in China 1342–1347):—“Now Manzi is a country which has countless cities and nations included in it, past all belief to one who has not seen them.... And among the rest is that most famous city of Campsay, the finest, the biggest, the richest, the most populous, and altogether the most marvellous city, the city of the greatest wealth and luxury, of the most splendid buildings (especially idol‐temples, in some of which there are 1000 and 2000 monks dwelling together), that exists now upon the face of the earth, or mayhap that ever did exist.” (Ib. p. 354.)

Ibn Batuta

Ibn Batuta:—“We arrived at the city of Khansá.... This city is the greatest I have ever seen on the surface of the earth. It is three days’ journey in length, so that a traveller passing through the city has to make his marches and his halts!... It is subdivided into six towns, each of which has a separate enclosure, while one great wall surrounds the whole,” (Cathay, p. 496 seqq.)

Atlas Sinensis

the worthy Jesuit Martin Martini, the author of the admirable Atlas Sinensis, the one whose honourable zeal to maintain Polo’s veracity, of which he was one of the first intelligent advocates, is apt, it must be confessed, a little to colour his own spectacles:—“That the cosmographers of Europe may no longer make such ridiculous errors as to the Quinsai of Marco Polo, I will here give you the very place. [He then explains the name.] ... And to come to the point; this is the very city that hath those bridges so lofty and so numberless, both within the walls and in the suburbs; nor will they fall much short of the 10,000 which the Venetian alleges, if you count also the triumphal arches among the bridges, as he might easily do because of their analogous structure, just as he calls tigers lions; ... or if you will, he may have meant to include not merely the bridges in the city and suburbs, but in the whole of the dependent territory. In that case indeed the number which Europeans find it so hard to believe might well be set still higher, so vast is everywhere the number of bridges and of triumphal arches. Another point in confirmation is that lake which he mentions of 40 Italian miles in circuit. This exists under the name of Si-hu; it is not, indeed, as the book says, inside the walls, but lies in contact with them for a long distance on the west and south‐west, and a number of canals drawn from it do enter the city. Moreover, the shores of the lake on every side are so thickly studded with temples, monasteries, palaces, museums, and private houses, that you would suppose yourself to be passing through the midst of a great city rather than a country scene. Quays of cut stone are built along the banks, affording a spacious promenade; and causeways cross the lake itself, furnished with lofty bridges, to allow of the passage of boats; and thus you can readily walk all about the lake on this side and on that. ’Tis no wonder that Polo considered it to be part of the city. This, too, is the very city that hath within the walls, near the south side, a hill called Ching-hoang [6] on which stands that tower with the watchmen, on which there is a clepsydra to measure the hours. This is the very city the streets of which are paved with squared stones: the city which lies in a swampy situation, and is intersected by a number of navigable canals; this, in short, is the city from which the emperor escaped to seaward by the great river Ts’ien-T’ang, the breadth of which exceeds a German mile, flowing on the south of the city, exactly corresponding to the river described by the Venetian at Quinsai, and flowing eastward to the sea, which it enters precisely at the distance which he mentions. I will add that the compass of the city will be 100 Italian miles and more, if you include its vast suburbs, which run out on every side an enormous distance; insomuch that you may walk for 50 Chinese li in a straight line from north to south, the whole way through crowded blocks of houses, and without encountering a spot that is not full of dwellings and full of people; whilst from east to west you can do very nearly the same thing.” (Atlas Sinensis, p. 99.)

V. Braam, II

Note 5.—Van Braam, in passing through Shan-tung Province, speaks of very large pears. “The colour is a beautiful golden yellow. Before it is pared the pear is somewhat hard, but in eating it the juice flows, the pulp melts, and the taste is pleasant enough.” Williams says these Shan-tung pears are largely exported, but he is not so complimentary to them as Polo: “The pears are large and juicy, sometimes weighing 8 or 10 pounds, but remarkably tasteless and coarse.” (V. Braam, II. 33–34; Mid. Kingd., I. 78 and II. 44).

Mid. Kingd.

Mid. Kingd., II

Note 7.—At the present day, according to Williams, the Chinese use little spice; pepper chiefly as a febrifuge in the shape of pepper-tea, and that even less than they did some years ago. (See p. 239, infra, and Mid. Kingd., II. 46, 408.) On this, however, Mr. Moule observes: “Pepper is not so completely relegated to the doctors. A month or two ago, passing a portable cookshop in the city, I heard a girl-purchaser cry to the cook, ‘Be sure you put in pepper and leeks!’”

Hist. of Bot. Disc. I

[“Large pears are nowadays produced in Shan-tung and Manchuria, but they are rather tasteless and coarse. I am inclined to suppose that Polo’s large pears were Chinese quinces, Cydonia chinensis, Thouin, this fruit being of enormous size, sometimes one foot long, and very fragrant. The Chinese use it for sweet-meats.” (Bretschneider, Hist. of Bot. Disc. I. p. 2.)—H. C.]

Semedo

Note 10.—Public carriages are still used in the great cities of the north, such as Peking. Possibly this is a revival. At one time carriages appear to have been much more general in China than they were afterwards, or are now. Semedo says they were abandoned in China just about the time that they were adopted in Europe, viz. in the 16th century. And this disuse seems to have been either cause or effect of the neglect of the roads, of which so high an account is given in old times. (Semedo; N. and Q. Ch. and Jap. I. 94.)

Deguignes

Note 10.—Deguignes describes the public carriages of Peking, as “shaped like a palankin, but of a longer form, with a rounded top, lined outside and in with coarse blue cloth, and provided with black cushions” (I. 372). This corresponds with our author’s description, and with a drawing by Alexander among his published sketches.

Marsden

Note 8.—Marsden, after referring to the ingenious frauds commonly related of Chinese traders, observes: “In the long continued intercourse that has subsisted between the agents of the European companies and the more eminent of the Chinese merchants ... complaints on the ground of commercial unfairness have been extremely rare, and on the contrary, their transactions have been marked with the most perfect good faith and mutual confidence.”

De Mailla

Note 12.—The statement that the palace of Kingszé was occupied by the Great Kaan’s lieutenant seems to be inconsistent with the notice in De Mailla that Kúblái made it over to the Buddhist priests.

Variétés Sinologiques, No. 19

Before quitting Kinsay, the description of which forms the most striking feature in Polo’s account of China, … Father H. Havret has given in p. 21 of Variétés Sinologiques, No. 19, a complete study of the inscription of a chwang, nearly similar to the one given here, which is erected near Ch’êng-tu.—H. C.

Commerce Public du Sel, Shanghai, 1898, Liang-tché-yen

[See P. Hoang, Commerce Public du Sel, Shanghai, 1898, Liang-tché-yen, pp. 6–7.—H. C.]

Eng. Cyclop., “Weights and Measures.”

[2] Eng. Cyclop., “Weights and Measures.”

Catalan Map

In my paper on the Catalan Map (Paris, 1895) I gave the following itinerary: Kinsay (Hang-chau), Tanpiju (Shao-hing fu), Vuju (Kin-hwa fu), Ghiuju (K’iu-chau fu), Chan-shan (Sui-chang hien), Cuju (Ch’u-chau), Ke-lin-fu (Kien-ning fu), Unken (Hu-kwan), Fuju (Fu-chau), Zayton (Kayten, Hai-t’au), Zayton (Ts’iuen-chau), Tyunju (Tek-hwa).

T. Pao

[Mr. Phillips writes (T. Pao, I. p. 222 seq. (The Identity of Marco Polo’s Zaitun with Changchau). He says (p. 222–224): “Eighty‐five li beyond Lan-ki hien is Lung-yin, a place not mentioned by Polo, and another ninety‐five li still further on is Chüchau or Keuchau, which is, I think, the Gie-za of Ramusio, and the Cuju of Yule’s version. Polo describes it as the last city of the government of Kinsai in this direction. It is the last Prefectural city, but ninety li beyond Chü-chau, on the road to Pu-chêng, is Kiang-shan, a district city which is the last one in this direction. Twenty li from Kiang-shan is Ching-hu, the head of the navigation of the T’sien-T’ang river. Here one hires chairs and coolies for the journey over the Sien-hia Pass to Pu-chêng.” —H. C.]

Wanderings in China

Fortune, in his Wanderings in China, vol. ii. p. 139, calls Lan-Khi, Nan-Che-hien, and says: “It is built on the banks of the river, and has a picturesque hill behind it.”

Life in China

Milne, who also visited it, mentions it in his Life in China (p. 258), and says: “At the southern end of the suburbs of Lan-Ki the river divides into two branches, the one to the left on south-east leading direct to Kinhua.”

Pasei Chronicle

…and see Pasei Chronicle quoted in J. As. sér. IV. tom. ix. pp. 258–259.

Hist. of Bot. Disc. I.

But Polo’s vague description might just as well agree with the Bastard Saffron, Carthamus tinctorius, ... (Bretschneider, Hist. of Bot. Disc. I. p. 4.)

Ramusio

In Ramusio the bridges are only “each more than 100 paces long and 8 paces wide.”

Pauthier’s text

In Pauthier’s text each is a mile long, and they are all decorated with rich marble columns.

T. Pao, I.

Mr. Phillips writes (T. Pao, I. p. 224–225): “Going down stream from Kien-Ning, we arrive first at Yen-Ping on the Min Main River. Eighty-seven li further down is the mouth of the Yiu-Ki River, up which stream, at a distance of eighty li, is Yiu-Ki city, where travellers disembark for the land journey to Yung-chun and Chinchew. This route is the highway from the town of Yiu-Ki to the seaport of Chinchew. This I consider to have been Polo’s route, and Ramusio’s Unguen I believe to be Yung-chun, locally known as Eng-chun or Ung-chun, a name greatly resembling Polo’s Unguen.”

Astley, III.

And the Dutch mission of 1664–1665 names this as “Binkin, by some called Min-sing.” (Astley, III. 461.)

Odoric

These fowls,—but white,—are mentioned by Odoric at Fu-chau;

Odoric

It was visited also by Friar Odoric, who calls it Fuzo, and it appears in duplicate on the Catalan Map as Fugio and as Fozo.

Turkish Geography

I omit a corroborative quotation about sugar from the Turkish Geography, copied from Klaproth in the former edition; because the author, Hajji Khalfa, used European sources;

Pegolotti’s Handbook

Zucchero di Bambellonia is repeatedly named in Pegolotti’s Handbook (210, 311, 362, etc.).

Persian Historia Cathaica

Chonkwé occurs in the Persian Historia Cathaica published by Müller, but is there specially applied to North China. (See Quat. Rashid., p. lxxxvi.)

Lettres Edifiantes

A description of the manner in which camphor is produced at a very low cost, by sublimation from the chopped twigs, etc., will be found in the Lettres Edifiantes, XXIV. 19 seqq.; and more briefly in Hedde by Rondot, p. 35.

Hedde

Cathay

I have suggested in another work (Cathay, p. 486) that this may be the origin of our word Satin, through the Zettani of mediæval Italian (or Aceytuni of mediæval Spanish).

Recherches, etc.

Recherches, etc., II. 229 seqq.; Martini, circa p. 110; Klaproth, Mém. II. 209–210; Cathay, cxciii. 268, 223, 355, 486; Empoli in Append. vol. iii. 87 to Archivio Storico Italiano; Douet d’Arcq. p. 342; Galv., Discoveries of the World, Hak. Soc. p. 129; Marsden, 1st ed. p. 372; Appendix to Trade Report of Amoy, for 1868 and 1900. [Heyd, Com. Levant, II. 701–702.]

Martini

Mém. II.

Empoli in Append. vol. iii. 87 to Archivio Storico Italiano

Douet d’Arcq

Discoveries of the World

Marsden, 1st ed.

Appendix to Trade Report of Amoy, for 1868 and 1900

Com. Levant, II. 701–702.

[Heyd, Com. Levant, II. 701–702.]

Ramusio

Ramusio says that the Traveller will now “begin to speak of the territories, cities, and provinces of the Greater, Lesser, and Middle India, in which regions he was when in the service of the Great Kaan, being sent thither on divers matters of business. And then again when he returned to the same quarter with the queen of King Argon, and with his father and uncle, on his way back to his native land. So he will relate the strange things that he saw in those Indies, not omitting others which he heard related by persons of reputation and worthy of credit, and things that were pointed out to him on the maps of manners of the Indies aforesaid.”

De Barros

Giovanni did not get to Zayton; but two years later he got to Canton with Fernão Perez, was sent ashore as Factor, and a few days after died of fever. (De Barros, III. II. viii.)

Relazione Universale

The way in which Botero, a compiler in the latter part of the 16th century, speaks of Zayton as between Canton and Liampo (Ningpo), and exporting immense quantities of porcelain, salt and sugar, looks as if he had before him modern information as to the place. He likewise observes, “All the moderns note the port of Zaiton between Canton and Liampo.” Yet I know no other modern allusion except Giovanni d’Empoli’s; and that was printed only a few years ago. (Botero, Relazione Universale, pp. 97, 228.)

Martini

Martini says of Ganhai (’An-Hai or Ngan-Hai), “Ingens hic mercium ac Sinensium navium copia est ... ex his (’Anhai and Amoy) in totam Indiam merces avehuntur.”

J. A. S. B. XVII. Pt. I. 157

In a modern Chinese geographical work abstracted by Mr. Laidlay, we are told that the great river of Tsim-lo, or Siam, “penetrates to a branch of the Hwang-Ho.” (J. A. S. B. XVII. Pt. I. 157.)

Chinese-English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken language of Amoy, with the principal variations of the Chang-chew and Chin-chew Dialects

Chinese-English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken language of Amoy, with the principal variations of the Chang-chew and Chin-chew Dialects; by the Rev. Carstairs Douglas, M.A., LL.D., Glasg., Missionary of the Presb. Church in England. (Trübner, 1873.) I must note that I have not access to the book itself, but condense these remarks from extracts and abstracts made by a friend at my request.

China and Japan

Note 1.—Pine [Pinus sinensis] is [still] the staple timber for ship‐building both at Canton and in Fo‐kien. There is a very large export of it from Fu‐chau, and even the chief fuel at that city is from a kind of fir. Several varieties of pine‐wood are also brought down the rivers for sale at Canton. (N. and Q., China and Japan, I. 170; Fortune, I. 286; Doolittle.)

Fortune

Doolittle

Ramusio’s text

Note 3.—The system of water‐tight compartments, for the description of which we have to thank Ramusio’s text, in our own time introduced into European construction, is still maintained by the Chinese, not only in sea‐going junks, but in the larger river craft. (See Mid. Kingd. II. 25; Blakiston, 88; Deguignes, I. 204–206.)

Mid. Kingd. II. 25

Note 3.—The system of water‐tight compartments... (See Mid. Kingd. II. 25; Blakiston, 88; Deguignes, I. 204–206.)

Blakiston

Note 3.—The system of water‐tight compartments... (See Mid. Kingd. II. 25; Blakiston, 88; Deguignes, I. 204–206.)

Deguignes

Note 3.—The system of water‐tight compartments... (See Mid. Kingd. II. 25; Blakiston, 88; Deguignes, I. 204–206.)

Friar Jordanus

Friar Jordanus:—“The vessels which they navigate to Cathay be very big, and have upon the ship’s hull more than one hundred cabins, and with a fair wind they carry ten sails, and they are very bulky, being made of three thicknesses of plank, so that the first thickness is as in our great ships, the second crosswise, the third again longwise. In sooth, ’tis a very strong affair!” (55.)

Nicolo Conti

Nicolo Conti:—“They build some ships much larger than ours, capable of containing 2000 butts (vegetes), with five masts and five sails. The lower part is constructed with triple planking, in order to withstand the force of the tempests to which they are exposed. And the ships are divided into compartments, so formed that if one part be shattered the rest remains in good order, and enables the vessel to complete its voyage.”

Ibn Batuta

Ibn Batuta:—“Chinese ships only are used in navigating the sea of China.... There are three classes of these: (1) the Large, which are called Jonúk (sing. Junk); (2) the Middling, which are called Zao; and (3) the Small, called Kakam. Each of the greater ships has from twelve sails down to three. These are made of bamboo laths woven into a kind of mat; they are never lowered, and they are braced this way and that as the wind may blow. When these vessels anchor the sails are allowed to fly loose. Each ship has a crew of 1000 men, viz. 600 mariners and 400 soldiers, among whom are archers, target‐men, and cross‐bow men to shoot naphtha. Each large vessel is attended by three others, which are called respectively ‘The Half,’ ‘The Third,’ and ‘The Quarter.’ These vessels are built only at Zayton, in China, and at Sínkalán or Sín‐ul‐Sín (i.e. Canton). This is the way they are built. They construct two walls of timber, which they connect by very thick slabs of wood, clenching all fast this way and that with huge spikes, each of which is three cubits in length. When the two walls have been united by these slabs they apply the bottom planking, and then launch the hull before completing the construction. The timbers projecting from the sides towards the water serve the crew for going down to wash and for other needs. And to these projecting timbers are attached the oars, which are like masts in size, and need from 10 to 15 men to ply each of them. There are about 20 of these great oars, and the rowers at each oar stand in two ranks facing one another. The oars are provided with two strong cords or cables; each rank pulls at one of these and then lets go, whilst the other rank pulls on the opposite cable. These rowers have a pleasant chaunt at their work usually, singing Lá’ la! Lá’ la! The three tenders which we have mentioned above also use oars, and tow the great ships when required. “On each ship four decks are constructed; and there are cabins and public rooms for the merchants. Some of these cabins are provided with closets and other conveniences, and they have keys so that their tenants can lock them, and carry with them their wives or concubines. The crew in some of the cabins have their children, and they sow kitchen herbs, ginger, etc., in wooden buckets. The captain is a very great Don; and when he lands, the archers and negro‐slaves march before him with javelins, swords, drums, horns, and trumpets.” (IV. pp. 91 seqq. and 247 seqq. combined.)

Japanese Annals

Kúblái had long hankered after the conquest of Japan, and the fullest accessible particulars respecting his efforts are contained in the Japanese Annals translated by Titsing; and these are in complete accordance with the Chinese histories as given by Gaubil, De Mailla, and in Pauthier’s extracts.

Japanese Encyclopædia

At p. 259 of the same work Klaproth gives another account from the Japanese Encyclopædia; the difference is not material.

Chinese Annals

The Chinese Annals, in De Mailla, state that the Japanese spared 10,000 or 12,000 of the Southern Chinese, whom they retained as slaves. Gaubil says that 30,000 Mongols were put to death, whilst 70,000 Coreans and Chinese were made slaves.

Things Japanese

Their rule was made memorable by the repulse of the Mongol fleet sent by Kúblái Khan... (B. H. Chamberlain, Things Japanese, 3rd ed., 1898, pp. 208–209.)

Jaubert, Edrisi, I. 500

(S. Epiph. de XIII. Gemmis, etc., Romae, 1743; Jaubert, Edrisi, I. 500; …)

Makrizi

Note 2.—Ram. says he was sent to a certain island called Zorza (Chorcha?), where men who have failed in duty are put to death in this manner: They wrap the arms of the victim in the hide of a newly flayed buffalo, and sew it tight. As this dries it compresses him so terribly that he cannot move, and so, finding no help, his life ends in misery. (See Makrizi, Pt. III. p. 108, and Pottinger, as quoted by Marsden in loco.)

Pottinger

Note 2.—Ram. says he was sent to a certain island called Zorza (Chorcha?), where men who have failed in duty are put to death in this manner: ... (See Makrizi, Pt. III. p. 108, and Pottinger, as quoted by Marsden in loco.)

Friar Odoric

Note 3.—Like devices to procure invulnerability are common in the Indo‐Chinese countries. The Burmese sometimes insert pellets of gold under the skin with this view. At a meeting of the Asiatic Society of Bengal in 1868, gold and silver coins were shown, which had been extracted from under the skin of a Burmese convict... Friar Odoric speaks of the practice in one of the Indian Islands (apparently Borneo); and the stones possessing such virtue were, according to him, found in the bamboo, presumably the siliceous concretions called Tabashir.

Mission to Ava

Note 3.—... (see Mission to Ava, p. 208; Cathay, 94; Conti, p. 32; Proc. As. Soc. Beng. 1868, p. 116; Anderson’s Mission to Sumatra, p. 323.)

Cathay

Note 3.—... (see Mission to Ava, p. 208; Cathay, 94; Conti, p. 32; Proc. As. Soc. Beng. 1868, p. 116; Anderson’s Mission to Sumatra, p. 323.)

Conti

Note 3.—... (see Mission to Ava, p. 208; Cathay, 94; Conti, p. 32; Proc. As. Soc. Beng. 1868, p. 116; Anderson’s Mission to Sumatra, p. 323.)

Proc. As. Soc. Beng. 1868

Note 3.—... (see Mission to Ava, p. 208; Cathay, 94; Conti, p. 32; Proc. As. Soc. Beng. 1868, p. 116; Anderson’s Mission to Sumatra, p. 323.)

Anderson’s Mission to Sumatra

Note 3.—... (see Mission to Ava, p. 208; Cathay, 94; Conti, p. 32; Proc. As. Soc. Beng. 1868, p. 116; Anderson’s Mission to Sumatra, p. 323.)

Ming-shi

In the Ming-shi (Bk. 324) we read: “Java is situated at the south-west of Champa. In the time of the Emperor Kúblái of the Yuen Dynasty, Mêng-K’i was sent there as an envoy and had his face cut, on which Kúblái sent a large army which subdued the country and then came back.” (L.c. p. 34.)

Crawford’s Desc. Dictionary

1344 is the date to which a Javanese traditional verse ascribes the edifice. (Crawford’s Desc. Dictionary.)

Lettres Edifiantes, Rec. xvi.

The celebrated Père Gaubil spent eight months on the island and wrote an interesting letter about it (February, 1722; see also Lettres Edifiantes, Rec. xvi.).

Arab Relations of the 9th century

The group is termed Sundar Fúlát in the Arab Relations of the 9th century, the last point of departure on the voyage to China, from which it was a month distant.

G. T.

The G. T. indeed makes the course from Sondur to Locac sceloc or S.E.; but Pauthier’s text seems purposely to correct this, calling it, 'v. c. milles oultre Sandur.

Ramusio

Ram.: 'Chiamasi la città Malaiur, e cosi l’isola Malaiur.

Supplement to Ma Twan-lin’s Encyclopædia

The Supplement to Ma Twan-lin’s Encyclopædia describes Sien-Lo as on the sea-board to the extreme south of Chen-ching.

Commentaries of Alboquerque

And the Commentaries of Alboquerque allow no more than some ninety years from the foundation of Malacca to his capture of the city.

De Barros

The List of Sumatran Kingdoms in De Barros makes Tana-Malayu the next to Palembang.

Beschryvinge van Malakka

In Valentyn (V. 1, Beschryvinge van Malakka, p. 317) we find it stated that the Malay people just dwelt on the River Malayu in the Kingdom of Palembang, and were called from the River Orang Malayu.

A Record of the Buddhist Religion

—Mr. Takakusu (A Record of the Buddhist Religion, p. xli.) proposes to place Shih-li-fuh-shi at Palembang and Mo-louo-yu farther on the northern coast of Sumatra.

Merveilles de l’Inde

The Rev. S. Beal has some remarks on this question in the Merveilles de l’Inde, p. 251, and he says that he thinks 'there are reasons for placing this country [Çrībhôja], or island, on the East coast of Sumatra, and near Palembang, or on the Palembang River.

Malombra’s Ptolemy

Indeed in Malombra’s Ptolemy (Venice, 1574), I find the next city of Sumatra beyond Pacen marked as Pulaca.

Bestiary of Philip de Thaun

We may quote the following quaint version of the fable from the Bestiary of Philip de Thaun, published by Mr. Wright (Popular Treatises on Science, etc. p. 81): “Monosceros est Beste, un corne ad en la teste, Purceo ad si a nun, de buc ad façun; Par Pucele est prise; or vez en quel guise. Quant hom le volt cacer et prendre et enginner, Si vent hom al forest ù sis riparis est; Là met une Pucele hors de sein sa mamele, Et par odurement Monosceros la sent; Dunc vent à la Pucele, et si baiset la mamele, En sein devant se dort, issi vent à sa mort Li hom suivent atant ki l’ocit en dormant U trestout vif le prent, si fais puis sun talent. Grant chose signifie.”....

Image du Monde

It will be found, for example, in Brunetto Latini, in the Image du Monde, in the Mirabilia of Jordanus, and in the verses of Tzetzes.

Mirabilia of Jordanus

It will be found, for example, in Brunetto Latini, in the Image du Monde, in the Mirabilia of Jordanus, and in the verses of Tzetzes.

Verses of Tzetzes

It will be found, for example, in Brunetto Latini, in the Image du Monde, in the Mirabilia of Jordanus, and in the verses of Tzetzes.

Crawford’s History

As regards the treasure, Sumatra was long famous for its produce of gold. The export is estimated in Crawford’s History at 35,530 ounces; but no doubt it was much more when the native states were in a condition of greater wealth and civilisation, as they undoubtedly were some centuries ago.

Malay Chronicle

The kingdom of Parlák is mentioned in the Shijarat Malayu or Malay Chronicle, and also in a Malay History of the Kings of Pasei, of which an abstract is given by Dulaurier, in connection with the other states of which we shall speak presently.

Malay History of the Kings of Pasei

Malay Dictionary

[Dr. Schlegel writes to me that according to the Malay Dictionary of Von de Wall and Van der Tuuk, ii. 414–415, Polo’s Basman is the Arab pronunciation of Pasĕman, the modern Ophir in West Sumatra; Gūnung Pasĕman is Mount Ophir.—H. C.]

Die Battaländer

Their anthropophagy is now professedly practised according to precise laws, and only in prescribed cases. (See Junghuhn, Die Battaländer, II. 158.)

Turnour’s Epitome

Magini says Java Minor is almost incognita. (Turnour’s Epitome, p. 45; Van der Tuuk, Bladwijzer tot de drie Stukken van het Bataksche Leesboek, p. 43, etc.; Friedrich in Bat. Transactions, XXVI.; Levchine, Les Kirghíz Kazaks, 300, 301.)

Bladwijzer tot de drie Stukken van het Bataksche Leesboek

Les Kirghíz Kazaks

de Varietate

…as may be seen in Jerome Cardan’s description of a unicorn’s horn which he saw suspended in the church of St. Denis; as well as in a circumstance related by P. della Valle (II. 491; and Cardan, de Varietate, c. xcvii.).

Anderson’s Mission to East Coast of Sumatra

See Anderson’s Mission to East Coast of Sumatra, pp. 229, 233 and map. The Ferlec of Polo was identified by Valentyn. (Sumatra, in vol. v. p. 21.) Marsden remarks that a terminal k is in Sumatra always softened or omitted in pronunciation. (H. of Sum. 1st. ed. p. 163.) Thus we have Perlak, and Perla, as we have Battak and Batta.

H. of Sumatra (1st ed.)

Marsden remarks that a terminal k is in Sumatra always softened or omitted in pronunciation. (H. of Sum. 1st. ed. p. 163.) Thus we have Perlak, and Perla, as we have Battak and Batta.

H. of Sumatra (3rd ed.)

Marsden, however, does say that a one-horned species (Rh. sondaicus?) is also found on Sumatra (3rd ed. of his H. of Sumatra, p. 116).

Preh. Times

An American writer professes to have discovered in Missouri the fossil remains of a bogged mastodon, which had been killed precisely in this way by human contemporaries. (See Lubbock, Preh. Times, 2d ed. 279.)

Les Arts au Moyen Age

[7] Another mediæval illustration of the subject is given in Les Arts au Moyen Age, p. 499, from the binding of a book. It is allegorical, and the Maiden is there the Virgin Mary.

Malay Annals, Salalat al Salatin

We read in the Malay Annals, Salalat al Salatin, translated by Mr. J. T. Thomson (Proc. R. G. S. XX. p. 216): “Mara Silu ascended the eminence, when he saw an ant as big as a cat; so he caught it, and ate it, and on the place he erected his residence, which he named Samandara, which means Big Ant (Semut besar in Malay).”

Book of the Kings of Pasei

Nor is this apparently so represented in the Book of the Kings of Pasei.

Voyage which Juan Serano made when he fled from Malacca

A most distinct mention ... occurs in the soi-disant “Voyage which Juan Serano made when he fled from Malacca,” in 1512, published by Lord Stanley of Alderley, at the end of his translation of Barbosa.

Romance of Cœur de Lion

Thus we find in the Romance of Cœur de Lion, Richard’s messengers addressed by the “Emperor of Cyprus”:— “Out, Taylards, of my palys! Now go, and say your tayled King That I owe him nothing.” —Weber, II. 83.

Forests of the Far East

… claim descent from the monkey‐god Hanumán, and allege in justification a spinal elongation which gets them the name of Púncháriah, “Taylards.” (Ethé’s Kazwini, p. 221; Anderson, p. 210; St. John, Forests of the Far East, I. 40; Galvano, Hak. Soc. 108, 120; ...)

Aëtius Medici Graeci Tetrabiblos

The earliest western mention of camphor is in the same prescription by the physician Aëtius (circa A.D. 540) that contains one of the earliest mentions of musk. The prescription ends: “and if you have a supply of camphor add two ounces of that.” (Aetii Medici Graeci Tetrabiblos, etc., Froben, 1549, p. 910.)

Liber Canonis

… (Reinaud, I. 7; Mas. I. 338; Liber Canonis, Ven. 1544, I. 116; Büsching, IV. 277; Gildem. p. 209; Ain-i-Akb. p. 78.)

Ain-i-Akbari

In the Aín Akbari we find the price of the Sumatran Camphor, known to the Hindus as Bhím Seni, varying from 3 rupees as high as 2 mohurs (or 20 rupees) for a rupee’s weight, which latter price would be twice the weight in gold.

Junghuhn’s account

Compare this passage, which we may notice has been borrowed bodily by Sindbad of the Sea, with what is probably the best modern account, Junghuhn’s: “Among the forest trees (of Tapanuli adjoining Barus) the Camphor Tree (Dryabalanops Camphora) attracts beyond all the traveller’s observation, by its straight columnar and colossal grey trunk, and its mighty crown of foliage, rising high above the canopy of the forest. It exceeds in dimensions the Rasamala, the loftiest tree of Java, and is probably the greatest tree of the Archipelago, if not of the world, reaching a height of 200 feet. One of the middling size which I had cut down measured at the base... The camphor oil is prepared by the natives by bruising and boiling the twigs.”

Malay Archipelago

(A. R. Wallace’s Malay Archipelago, 1869, II. pp. 118–121.)

Arabian Nights

Lane’s Arab. Nights (1859), III. 21

Shijarat Malayu

The place is called in the Shijarat Malayu, Pasuri, a name which the Arabs certainly made into Fansúri, and which might easily in another, by a very common kind of Oriental metathesis, pass into Barúsi. The legend in the Shijarat Malayu relates to the first Mahomedan mission for the conversion of Sumatra...

Voyage of the Novara

… cardamoms, are mentioned in the Voyage of the Novara, vol. ii., in which will be found a detail of the various European attempts to colonise the Nicobar Islands with other particulars.

Sing-ch’a Shêng-lan

… from the Sing-ch’a Shêng-lan, published in 1436 by Fei-sin; Mr. Phillips seems to have made a confusion between the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Vegetation of the Andaman Islands

Kurz’s Vegetation of the Andaman Islands gives four myristicae (nutmegs); but no sandal-wood nor camphor-laurel. Nor do I find sappan-wood, though there is another Caesalpinia (C. Nuga).

J. A. S. B. XIII. 657

(… J. A. S. B. XIII. 657; Lane’s Ar. Nights, ed. 1859, III. 88; …)

Hobson-Jobson

The name first appears distinctly in the Arab narratives of the 9th century. (Yule, Hobson-Jobson.)

Odoric

I shall refer to my edition of Odoric, 206–217, for a long notice on dog‐headed barbarians; I reproduce here two of the cuts.—H. C.

Mém. de H. T.

The Island was really called anciently Ratnadvīpa, “the Island of Gems” (Mém. de H. T., II. 125, and Harivansa, I. 403);

Harivansa

The Island was really called anciently Ratnadvīpa, “the Island of Gems” (Mém. de H. T., II. 125, and Harivansa, I. 403);

Jazírat al Yáḳūt

and it is termed by an Arab Historian of the 9th century Jazírat al Yáḳūt, “The Isle of Rubies.”

Livre des Merveilles

The Cynocephali. (From the Livre des Merveilles.)

Geog. Notes

Professor Schlegel says (Geog. Notes, I. p. 19, note) that “it seems better to think of the Sanskrit šila, ‘a stone or rock,’ or šaila, ‘a mountain,’ which agree with the Chinese interpretation.”—H. C.

Tennent’s Ceylon

Curious particulars touching the exaggerated ideas of the ancients, inherited by the Arabs, as to the dimensions of Ceylon, will be found in Tennent’s Ceylon, ch. i.

Malay Dict.

Tennent (Ceylon, I. 549) and Crawford (Malay Dict. p. 171) ascribe the name Selan, Zeilan, to the Portuguese, but this is quite unfounded, as our author sufficiently testifies.

Rashiduddin

The name Sailán also occurs in Rashiduddin, in Hayton, and in Jordanus (see next note).

Hayton

The name Sailán also occurs in Rashiduddin, in Hayton, and in Jordanus (see next note).

Jordanus

The name Sailán also occurs in Rashiduddin, in Hayton, and in Jordanus (see next note).

Andrea Corsali

and the fame, at least, of these survived to the 16th century, for Andrea Corsali (1515) says: “They tell that the king of this island possesses two rubies of colour so brilliant and vivid that they look like a flame of fire.”

John Marignolli

John Marignolli, who was there about 1349, has an interesting passage on the subject: “That exceeding high mountain hath a pinnacle of surpassing height, which on account of the clouds can rarely be seen. [The summit is lost in the clouds. (Ibn Khordâdhbeh, p. 43.)—H. C.]

Ouseley’s Travels

A German traveller (Daniel Parthey, Nürnberg, 1698) also speaks of the tomb of Adam and his sons on the mountain. (See Fabricius, Cod. Pseudep. Vet. Test. II. 31; also Ouseley’s Travels, I. 59.)

Cod. Pseudep. Vet. Test.

A German traveller (Daniel Parthey, Nürnberg, 1698) also speaks of the tomb of Adam and his sons on the mountain. (See Fabricius, Cod. Pseudep. Vet. Test. II. 31; also Ouseley’s Travels, I. 59.)

Ibn Khordâdhbeh

The summit is lost in the clouds. (Ibn Khordâdhbeh, p. 43.) and later measurements are discussed (Ibn Khordâdhbeh, p. 44.).

Ramusio

—Bauduin de Sebourc, I. 123. (Ramusio, III. 391; Ham. II. 65; Navarrete (Fr. Ed.), II. 101; Cathay, 467; Bullet. de la Soc. de Géog. sér. IV. tom iii. 36–37; J. A. S. B. u.s.; Reinaud’s Abulfeda, I. 315; J. Ind. Arch., N.S., III. I. 105; La Porte Ouverte, p. 188.)

Hamilton

—Bauduin de Sebourc, I. 123. (Ramusio, III. 391; Ham. II. 65; Navarrete (Fr. Ed.), II. 101; Cathay, 467; …)

Navarrete (Fr. Ed.)

—Bauduin de Sebourc, I. 123. (…; Navarrete (Fr. Ed.), II. 101; …)

Cathay

—Bauduin de Sebourc, I. 123. (…; Cathay, 467; …)

Bullet. de la Soc. de Géog. sér.

—Bauduin de Sebourc, I. 123. (…; Bullet. de la Soc. de Géog. sér. IV. tom iii. 36–37; …)

J. A. S. B. u.s.

—Bauduin de Sebourc, I. 123. (…; J. A. S. B. u.s.; …)

Reinaud’s Abulfeda

—Bauduin de Sebourc, I. 123. (…; Reinaud’s Abulfeda, I. 315; …)

J. Ind. Arch., N.S.

—Bauduin de Sebourc, I. 123. (…; J. Ind. Arch., N.S., III. I. 105; …)

La Porte Ouverte

—Bauduin de Sebourc, I. 123. (…; La Porte Ouverte, p. 188.)

Kazwini

Kazwini names the brazil, or sapan‐wood of Ceylon. Ibn Batuta speaks of its abundance (IV. 166); and Ribeyro does the like (ed. of Columbo, 1847, p. 16);

Ribeyro

Ibn Batuta speaks of its abundance (IV. 166); and Ribeyro does the like (ed. of Columbo, 1847, p. 16);

Amyot’s Mémoires

A Chinese account, translated in Amyot’s Mémoires, says that at the foot of the mountain is a Monastery of Bonzes, in which is seen the veritable body of Fo, in the attitude of a man lying on his side.

Skeen’s Adam’s Peak

no account of them. (Skeen’s Adam’s Peak, Ceylon, 1870, p. 226.)

Hardy's Manual

At the end of that time he attains the Buddhahood. (See Hardy’s Manual, p. 151 seqq.)

History of Barlaam and Josaphat

The religious romance called the History of Barlaam and Josaphat was for several centuries one of the most popular works in Christendom. It was translated into all the chief European languages, including Scandinavian and Sclavonic tongues.

Paradise

A Cretan monk called Agapios made selections from the work of Simeon which were published in Romaic at Venice in 1541 under the name of the Paradise, and in which the first section consists of the story of Barlaam and Josaphat.

Speculum Historiale

Their history occupies a large space in the Speculum Historiale of Vincent of Beauvais, written in the 13th century, and is set forth, as we have seen, in the Golden Legend of nearly the same age.

Golden Legend

and is set forth, as we have seen, in the Golden Legend of nearly the same age.

Catalogus Sanctorum

Petrus de Natalibus, who was Bishop of Equilium, the modern Jesolo, near Venice, from 1370 to 1400, wrote a Martyrology called Catalogus Sanctorum; and in it, among the ‘Saints,’ he inserts both Barlaam and Josaphat, giving also a short account of them derived from the old Latin translation of St. John of Damascus.

Lane’s Arabian Nights, ed. 1859

(… Lane’s Ar. Nights, ed. 1859, III. 88; Rém. Nouv. Mél. Asiat. I. 183; …)

The Roman Martyrology set forth by command of Pope Gregory XIII., and revised by the authority of Pope Urban VIII., translated out of Latin into English by G. K. of the Society of Jesus ... and now re-edited ... by W. N. Skelly, Esq. London, T. Richardson & Son.

They are to be found at p. 348 of “The Roman Martyrology set forth by command of Pope Gregory XIII., and revised by the authority of Pope Urban VIII., translated out of Latin into English by G. K. of the Society of Jesus ... and now re-edited ... by W. N. Skelly, Esq. London, T. Richardson & Son.” (Printed at Derby, 1847.)

Gesta Romanorum

… to the compiler of the Gesta Romanorum, to Shakspere, and to the late W. Adams, author of the King’s Messengers.

King’s Messengers

… and to the late W. Adams, author of the King’s Messengers.

Barlaam and Josaphat, English Lives of Buddha

Mr. Joseph Jacobs published in London, 1896, a valuable little book, Barlaam and Josaphat, English Lives of Buddha, in which he comes to this conclusion...

Buddhist Birth Stories; or, Jataka Tales

In 1880, Professor T. W. Rhys Davids has devoted some pages (xxxvi.–xli.) in his Buddhist Birth Stories; or, Jataka Tales, to The Barlaam and Josaphat Literature...

Mém. sur le texte et les versions orientales du Livre de Barlaam et Joasaph

M. H. Zotenberg wrote a learned memoir (N. et Ext. XXVIII. Pt. I.) in 1886 to prove that the Greek Text is not a translation but the original of the Legend.

Barlaam und Joasaph. Eine Bibliographisch-literargeschichtliche Studie

New researches made by Professor E. Kuhn, of Munich (Barlaam und Joasaph. Eine Bibliographisch-literargeschichtliche Studie, 1893), seem to prove that...

Poèmes et Légendes du Moyen Age

Professor Gaston Paris, in answer to Mr. Jacobs, writes (Poèmes et Lég. du Moyen Age, p. 213): 'Mr. Jacobs thinks that the Book of Balauhar and Yûdâsaf was not originally Christian,...

Tennyson’s Holy Grail

—Tennyson’s Holy Grail.

Wisdom of Solomon

This is curiously like a passage in the Wisdom of Solomon: “Neque enim erant (idola) ab initio, neque erunt in perpetuum ...”

Confessio Amantis

… and thei that than wolden please The Fader, shuld it obeye, Whan that thei comen thilke weye.—Confessio Amantis.

Alexander Romance

I noted an early use of the term Arab chargers in the famous Bodleian copy of the Alexander Romance (1338): “Alexand’ descent du destrier Arrabis.”

Ramusio Pacauca

The word is printed in Ramusio Pacauca, but no doubt Pacauta is the true reading. Dr. Caldwell has favoured me with a note on this: “The word ... was probably Bagavâ or Pagavâ, the Tamil form of the vocative of Bhagavata, ‘Lord,’ pronounced in the Tamil manner…

The Saggio

Note 4.—The Saggio, here as elsewhere, probably stands for the Miṣḳál.

River of Golden Sand

[Captain Gill (River of Golden Sand, II. p. 341) at Yung-Ch’ang, speaking of the beads of a necklace, writes: “One hundred and eight is the regulation number, no one venturing to wear a necklace, with one bead more or less.”]

V. da Gama

Compare Correa’s account of the King of Calicut, in Stanley’s V. da Gama, 194.

De Emendatione Temporum

Note 2.—The title of Avarian, given to St. Thomas by the Saracens, is judiciously explained by Joseph Scaliger to be the Arabic Ḥawáriy (pl. Ḥawáriyún), ‘An Apostle of the Lord Jesus Christ.’ Scaliger somewhat hypercritically for the occasion finds fault with Marco for saying the word means “a holy man.” (De Emendatione Temporum, Lib. VII., Geneva, 1629, p. 680.)

Scti. Hieron. Epistolae

St. Jerome accepts it, speaking of the Divine Word as being everywhere present in His fullness: “cum Thomâ in India, cum Petro Romae, cum Paulo in Illyrico,” etc. (Scti. Hieron. Epistolae, LIX., ad Marcellam.)

Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles

I do not know if the date is ascertainable of the very remarkable legend of St. Thomas in the apocryphal Acts of the Apostles, but it is presumably very old, though subsequent to the translation of the relics (real or supposed) to Edessa, in the year 394, which is alluded to in the story.

Gregory of Tours' Account

Gregory of Tours (A.D. 544–595) relates that “in that place in India where the body of Thomas lay before it was transported to Edessa, there is a monastery and a temple of great size and excellent structure and ornament. In it God shows a wonderful miracle; for the lamp that stands alight before the place of sepulture keeps burning perpetually, night and day, by divine influence, for neither oil nor wick are ever renewed by human hands;”

Roman Martyrology

The Roman Martyrology calls the city of Martyrdom Calamina, but there is (I think) a fair presumption that the spot alluded to by Gregory of Tours was Mailapúr.

De Couto

As Diogo de Couto relates the story of the localities, in the shape which it had taken by the middle of the 16th century, both Little and Great Mounts were the sites of Oratories which the Apostle had frequented; during prayer on the Little Mount he was attacked and wounded, but fled to the Great Mount, where he expired. (See De Couto, Dec. V. Liv. vi. cap. 2, and Dec. VII. Liv. x. cap. 5.)

On some Pahlavi Inscriptions in South India

… and Mr. Burnell’s pamphlet “On some Pahlavi Inscriptions in South India.”

China Illustrata

See Kircher, China Illustrata, p. 55 seqq.; De Couto, u.s. (both of these have inaccurate representations of the cross)…

Academy, vol. v. (1874)

… Academy, vol. v. (1874), p. 145, etc.…

Tr. R. A. S. I. 761

(Greg. Turon. Lib. Mirac. I. p. 85; Tr. R. A. S. I. 761; Assemani, III. Pt. II. pp. 32, 450; Novus Orbis (ed. 1555), p. 210; Maffei, Bk. VIII.; Cathay, pp. 81, 197, 374–377, etc.)

Assemani, III. Pt. II.

(Greg. Turon. Lib. Mirac. I. p. 85; Tr. R. A. S. I. 761; Assemani, III. Pt. II. pp. 32, 450; Novus Orbis (ed. 1555), p. 210; Maffei, Bk. VIII.; Cathay, pp. 81, 197, 374–377, etc.)

Novus Orbis (ed. 1555)

(Greg. Turon. Lib. Mirac. I. p. 85; Tr. R. A. S. I. 761; … Novus Orbis (ed. 1555), p. 210; …)

Maffei, Bk. VIII.

(… Maffei, Bk. VIII.; Cathay, pp. 81, 197, 374–377, etc.)

Cathay

(… Cathay, pp. 81, 197, 374–377, etc.)

S. Epiph. de XIII. Gemmis

(S. Epiph. de XIII. Gemmis, etc., Romae, 1743; Jaubert, Edrisi, I. 500; J. A. S. B. XIII. 657; Lane’s Ar. Nights, ed. 1859, III. 88; Rém. Nouv. Mél. Asiat. I. 183; Raineri, Fior di Pensieri di Ahmed Teifascite, pp. 13 and 30; Tzetzes, Chil. XI. 376; India in XVth Cent. pp. 29–30; J. C. Scal. de Subtilitate, CXIII. No. 3; An. des Voyages, VIII. 195; Garcias, p. 71; Transcaucasia, p. 360; J. A. S. B. I. 354.)

Rém. Nouv. Mél. Asiat. I.

(… Rém. Nouv. Mél. Asiat. I. 183; Raineri, Fior di Pensieri di Ahmed Teifascite, pp. 13 and 30; …)

Fior di Pensieri di Ahmed Teifascite

(… Raineri, Fior di Pensieri di Ahmed Teifascite, pp. 13 and 30; Tzetzes, Chil. XI. 376; …)

Tzetzes, Chil. XI. 376

(… Tzetzes, Chil. XI. 376; India in XVth Cent. pp. 29–30; J. C. Scal. de Subtilitate, CXIII. No. 3; …)

India in XVth Cent.

(… India in XVth Cent. pp. 29–30; J. C. Scal. de Subtilitate, CXIII. No. 3; …)

J. C. Scal. de Subtilitate, CXIII. No. 3

(… J. C. Scal. de Subtilitate, CXIII. No. 3; An. des Voyages, VIII. 195; …)

An. des Voyages, VIII. 195

(… An. des Voyages, VIII. 195; Garcias, p. 71; Transcaucasia, p. 360; J. A. S. B. I. 354.)

Garcias

(… Garcias, p. 71; Transcaucasia, p. 360; J. A. S. B. I. 354.)

Transcaucasia

(… Transcaucasia, p. 360; J. A. S. B. I. 354.)

J. A. S. B. I. 354

(… J. A. S. B. I. 354.)

Rep. of R. As. Soc., 18th January, 1875

But Professor Dowson now comes much closer to General Cunningham, and reads: “26th year of King Guduphara, in the Samvat year 100, 3rd day of Vaisákha.” (See Rep. of R. As. Soc., 18th January, 1875.)

Prinsep’s Essays, II. 176, 177

(See Prinsep’s Essays, II. 176, 177, and Mr. Thomas’s remarks at p. 214; Trübner’s Record, 30th June, 187; Cunningham’s Desc. List of Buddhist Sculptures in Lahore Central Museum; Reinaud, Inde, p. 95.)

Trübner’s Record, 30th June, 187

(… Trübner’s Record, 30th June, 187; Cunningham’s Desc. List of Buddhist Sculptures in Lahore Central Museum; Reinaud, Inde, p. 95.)

Cunningham’s Desc. List of Buddhist Sculptures in Lahore Central Museum

(… Cunningham’s Desc. List of Buddhist Sculptures in Lahore Central Museum; Reinaud, Inde, p. 95.)

Reinaud, Inde

(… Reinaud, Inde, p. 95.)

Romance of Merlin

The following passage from Robert de Borron’s Romance of Merlin illustrates these terms: Gauvain “quand il se levoit le matin, avoit la force al millor chevalier du monde; et quant vint à heure de prime si li doubloit, et à heure de tierce aussi; et quant il vint à eure de midi si revenoit à sa première force ou il avoit esté le matin; et quant vint à eure de nonne et à toutes les seures de la nuit estoit-il toudis en sa première force.”

Ceylon Annals

In the Ceylon Annals the continental invaders are frequently termed Solli.

Mercurius Vitae

They say that they burn the bodies of the dead, because if they were not burnt worms would be bred which would eat the body; and when no more food remained for them these worms would die, and the soul belonging to that body would bear the sin and the punishment of their death. And that is why they burn their dead! The Mercurius Vitae of Paracelsus, which, according to him, renewed youth, was composed chiefly of mercury and antimony.

Messir Gauvain, etc.

Quoted in introd. to Messir Gauvain, etc., edited by C. Hippeau, Paris, 1862, pp. xii.–xiii.

Calendar of the Coromandel Brahmans

Abraham Roger gives from the Calendar of the Coromandel Brahmans the character, lucky or unlucky, of every hour of every day of the week; and there is also a chapter on the subject in Sonnerat (I. 304 seqq.).

Nine Heavens of Amír Khusrú

We read in the Nine Heavens of Amír Khusrú (Elliot, III. p. 563): “A jogí who could restrain his breath in this way (diminishing the daily number of their expirations of breath) lived in an idol to an age of more than three hundred and fifty years.”

Ma Huan’s account of Cochin

We read in Ma Huan’s account of Cochin (J. R. A. S. April, 1896, p. 343): “Here also is another class of men, called Chokis (Yogi), who lead austere lives like the Taoists of China, but who, however, are married. Alms of rice and money are given to them by the people whose houses they visit.”

Roteiro of Vasco da Gama

The Roteiro of Vasco da Gama notes it as Caell, a state having a Mussulman King and a Christian (for which read Káfir) people. Here were many pearls.

Quatremère’s publication of Abdurrazzák

It is also mistranscribed as Kábil in Quatremère’s publication of Abdurrazzák, who mentions it as 'a place situated opposite the island of Serendib, otherwise called Ceylon.

Life of Dr. Claudius Buchanan

Several are given in the Life of Dr. Claudius Buchanan from his own sketches.

Life of Bishop D. Wilson

and a few others in the Life of Bishop D. Wilson.

The Nun’s Priest’s Tale

So Chaucer: 'Him nedeth not his colour for to dien With brazil, ne with grain of Portingale.' —The Nun’s Priest’s Tale.

Commercial Handbook of Pegolotti

The brazil-wood of Kaulam appears in the Commercial Handbook of Pegolotti (circa 1340) as Verzino Colombino.

Giov. d’Uzzano

and under the same name in that of Giov. d’Uzzano a century later.

Lendas da India

“O aljofar, e perolas, que me manda que lha enuie, nom as posso auer, que as ha em Ceylão e Caille, ...” (Letter of the Viceroy Dom Francisco to the King, Anno de 1508). (G. Correa, Lendas da India, I. pp. 908–909.)

Ramusio’s version

This is the only passage of Ramusio’s version, so far as I know, that suggests interpolation from a recent author, as distinguished from mere editorial modification.

Pegolotti’s Book

The dye is often mentioned in Pegolotti’s Book; the finest quality being termed Indaco Baccadeo, a corruption of Bághdádi.

Liber Horne

…quoted by Sir F. Palgrave from the Liber Horne, it is forbidden to paint on gold or silver except with fine (mineral) colours, “e nient de brasil, ne de inde de Baldas, ne de nul autre mauveise couleur.”

The Merchant and the Friar

(The Merchant and the Friar, p. xxiii.)

Memorias

Another quality often mentioned is Indigo di Golfo. (See Capmany, Memorias, II. App. p. 73.)

Viaggio

Fra Paolino, in his unsatisfactory way (Viaggio, p. 68), speaks of Cape Comorin, “which the Indians call Canyamuri, Virginis Promontorium, or simply Comarí or Cumarí ‘a Virgin,’ because they pretend that anciently the goddess Comari ‘the Damsel,’ who is the Indian Diana or Hecate, used to bathe” etc.

Carta Catalana

Elly appears in the Carta Catalana, and is marked as a Christian city.

Novus Orbis

…the most distinct allusion… is in the information of Joseph of Cranganore, in the Novus Orbis (Ed. of 1555, p. 208).

Buchanan’s Mysore

…in the detail of 3 cargoes from Malabar that arrived at Lisbon in September 1504 we find the following proportions: Pepper, 10,000 cantars; cinnamon, 500; … (Buchanan’s Mysore, II. 31, III. 193, and App. p. v.; …

Garcia, Ital. version

(…; Garcia, Ital. version, 1576, f. 39–40; …

Salmas. Exerc. Plin.

(…; Salmas. Exerc. Plin. p. 923; …

Bud. on Theoph.

(…; Bud. on Theoph. 1004 and 1010; …

Archiv. St. Ital., Append. II.

(…; Archiv. St. Ital., Append. II. p. 19.)

Tuhfat-al-Mujáhidín

…the state of Hílí-Máráwi is also mentioned in the Arabic work on the early history of the Mahomedans in Malabar, called Tuhfat-al-Mujáhidín, and translated by Rowlandson; and as the Prince is there called Kolturee, …

De Barros

De Barros, III. 9, cap. 6, and IV. 2, cap. 13; and De Barros says that the famous city of Diu was built by one of the Kings of Guzerat…

Taylor’s Catal. Raisonné

…down to Colonel Mackenzie’s time there was a tribe in Calicut whose ancestors were believed to have been Chinese. (See Taylor’s Catal. Raisonné, III. 664.)

India in XVth Cent.

…there is a notable passage in Abdurrazzák which says the seafaring population of Calicut were nicknamed Chíní bachagán, “China boys.” (India in XVth Cent. p. 19.)

De Couto

A palace at Madai (perhaps this fort) is alluded to by Dr. Gundert in the Madras Journal, and a Buddhist Vihara is spoken of in an old Malayalim poem as having existed at the same place. (De Couto, IV. 5, cap. 4.)

Hak. Soc. East African and Malabar Coasts

Stanley’s version (Hak. Soc. East African and Malabar Coasts, p. 149) we find the topography in a passage from a Munich MS. clear enough: “After passing this place” …

Mediæval Architecture in Guzerat

Up to the age of 12 years indeed the trees give good spinning cotton, but from that age to 20 years the produce is inferior. Mediæval Architecture in Guzerat. (From Fergusson.)

History of India

It is remarkable that nearly the same statement with regard to Guzerat occurs in Rashiduddin’s sketch of India, as translated in Sir H. Elliot’s History of India (ed. by Professor Dowson, I. 67): 'Grapes are produced twice during the year, and the strength of the soil is such that cotton-plants grow like willows and plane-trees, and yield produce ten years running.

History of Sind

An author of later date, from whom extracts are given in the same work, viz., Mahommed Masúm in his History of Sind, describing the wonders of Síwí, says: 'In Korzamin and Chhatur, which are districts of Siwi, cotton-plants grow as large as trees, insomuch that men pick the cotton mounted' (p. 237).

Cult. of Cotton

One of Royle’s authorities (Mr. Vaupell) mentions that it was grown near large towns of Eastern Guzerat, and its wool regarded as the finest of any, and only used in delicate muslins. (Royle, Cult. of Cotton, 144, 145, 152; Eng. Cycl. art. Gossypium.)

English Cyclopaedia, article: Gossypium

(Royle, Cult. of Cotton, 144, 145, 152; Eng. Cycl. art. Gossypium.)

Mémoires

Tod speaks of it in Bikanír, and this kind of cotton appears to be grown also in China, as we gather from a passage in Amyot’s Mémoires (II. 606), which speaks of the 'Cotonniers arbres, qui ne devoient être fertiles qu’après un bon nombre d’années.

Persia

‘The name Mekran has been commonly, but erroneously, derived from Mahi Khoran, i.e. the fish‐eaters…’ (Curzon, Persia, II. p. 261, note.)

History of the Sikhs

Captain J. D. Cunningham, in his Hist. of the Sikhs (p. 209), says that in 1831, when Sháh Shúja treated with Ranjít Singh for aid to recover his throne, one of the Mahárája’s conditions was the restoration of the Gates to Somnáth.

Useful Plants of India

(Drury’s Useful Plants of India, 2nd ed.)

Buchanan’s Journey

(Buchanan’s Journey, II. 44, 335, etc.)

Ancient Geography

Tieffentaller writes Kokan, and this is said (Cunningham’s Anc. Geog. 553) to be the local pronunciation.

Visit to Somnath

(Tod’s Travels, 385, 504; Burgess, Visit to Somnath, etc.; ...)

Report on Kattywar

(Jacob’s Report on Kattywar, p. 18)

Gildemeister

(Gildemeister, 185)

Asiatic Journal, 3rd series, vol. I

(Asiatic Journal, 3rd series, vol. I.)

Tod’s Travels

(Tod’s Travels, 385, 504)

Coronelli’s Atlas

Coronelli’s Atlas (Venice, 1696) identifies these islands with those called Abdul Kuri near Cape Gardafui...

Marsden

…and the same notion finds favour with Marsden.

Friar Jordanus

Marco’s statement that they had a bishop subject to the metropolitan of Socotra certainly looks as if certain concrete islands had been associated with the tale. Friar Jordanus (p. 44) also places them between India the Greater and India Tertia (i.e. with him Eastern Africa).

Conti

Conti locates them not more than 5 miles from Socotra, and yet 100 mile distant from one another. “Sometimes the men pass over to the women, and sometimes the women pass over to the men, and each return to their own respective island before the expiration of six months. Those who remain on the island of the others beyond this fatal period die immediately” (p. 21).

Fra Mauro

Fra Mauro places the islands to the south of Zanzibar, and gives them the names of Mangla and Nebila.

Sanudo’s map

…the other (also in Sanudo’s map) Arabic; (Nabílah, Ar., “Beautiful”; Mangala, Sansk. “Fortunate”).

De Barros, Dec. II. Liv. i. cap. 3

A savour of the story survived to the time of the Portuguese discoveries, and it had by that time attached itself to Socotra. (De Barros, Dec. II. Liv. i. cap. 3; Bartoli, H. della Comp. di Gesù, Asia, I. p. 37; P. Vincenzo, p. 443.)

Bartoli, H. della Comp. di Gesù, Asia, I

…(Bartoli, H. della Comp. di Gesù, Asia, I. p. 37; P. Vincenzo, p. 443.)

Müller’s Ps. Callisth.

And when a wife had once borne a child the husband returned no more. (Müller’s Ps. Callisth. 105.)

Wheeler’s India

The Mahábhárata celebrates the Amazon country of Ráná Paramitá, where the regulations were much as in Polo’s islands, only male children were put to death, and men if they overstayed a month. (Wheeler’s India, I. 400.)

Hiuen Tsang’s version

Hiuen Tsang’s version of the legend agrees with Marco’s in placing the Woman’s Island to the south of Persia.

Vie et Voyages

…It was under Folin (the Byzantine Empire), and the ruler thereof sent husbands every year; if boys were born, the law prohibited their being brought up. (Vie et Voyages, p. 268.)

Ferdúsi’s poem

Alexander, in Ferdúsi’s poem, visits the City of Women on an island in the sea, where no man was allowed.

Lassen

The Chinese accounts, dating from the 5th century, of a remote Eastern Land called Fusang, which Neumann fancied to have been Mexico, mention that to the east of that region again there was a Woman’s Island, with the usual particulars. (Lassen, IV. 751.)

T’oung Pao, III

[Cf. G. Schlegel, Niu Kouo, T’oung Pao, III. pp. 495–510.—H. C.]

Ramusio (P. Martyr in Ramusio)

Oddly enough, Columbus heard the same story of an island called Matityna or Matinino (apparently Martinique) ... (P. Martyr in Ramusio, III. 3 v. and see 85.)

Adam of Bremen

Similar Amazons are placed by Adam of Bremen on the Baltic Shores, a story there supposed to have originated in a confusion between Gwenland, i.e. Finland, and a land of Cwens or Women.

H. of China

Mendoza heard of the like in the vicinity of Japan (perhaps the real Fusang story)... (H. of China, II. 301.)

Arab. Nights

Lane quotes a like tale about a horde of Cossacks whose wives were said to live apart on certain islands in the Dnieper. (Arab. Nights, 1859, III. 479.)

Lettres Édifiantes

The same story is related by a missionary in the Lettres Édifiantes of certain unknown islands supposed to lie south of the Marian group.

Pauthier

Pauthier, from whom I derive this last instance, draws the conclusion: “On voit que le récit de Marc Pol est loin d’être imaginaire.”

Hanno

Sometimes the fable took another form; in which the women are entirely isolated, as in that which Mela quotes from Hanno (III. 9).

Kazwini and Bakui

So with the Isle of Women which Kazwini and Bakui place to the South of China.

Magaillans

…or, as in a Chinese tradition related by Magaillans, by looking at their own faces in a well!

Magail.

The like fable is localised by the Malays in the island of Engano off Sumatra, and was related to … (Magail. 76; Gildem. 196; N. et Ex. II. 398; Pigafetta, 173; Marsden’s Sumatra, 1st ed. p. 264.)

Gildem.

…(Gildem. 196; N. et Ex. II. 398; …)

N. et Ex.

…(N. et Ex. II. 398; …)

Pigafetta

…(Pigafetta, 173; …)

Marsden’s Sumatra

…(Marsden’s Sumatra, 1st ed. p. 264.)

J. A. S. B.

…a long cord is attached to this end, to that a small buoy which floats on the surface… (See J. A. S. B. XXVIII. 481.)

Mas’udi

“The best ambergris,” says Mas’udi, “is found on the islands and coasts of the Sea of Zinj (Eastern Africa)… (I. 134).

Bennett, Whaling Voyage Round the Globe

…ambergris is a morbid secretion… (Bennett, Whaling Voyage Round the Globe, 1840, II. 326.)

Bretschneider, Med. Res.

(Bretschneider, Med. Res. I. p. 152, note.)

Periplus

The Periplus calls the island very large, but desolate; ... the inhabitants were few, and dwelt on the north side.

Cosmas

Cosmas (6th century) says there was in the island a bishop, appointed from Persia.

Edrisi

[Edrisi says (Jaubert’s transl. pp. 47, seqq.) that the chief produce of Socotra is aloes…]

Abulfeda

Abulfeda says the people of Socotra were Nestorian Christians and pirates.

Nicolo Conti

Nicolo Conti, in the first half of the 15th century, spent two months on the island (Sechutera). He says it was for the most part inhabited by Nestorian Christians.

Ibn Batuta

Ibn Batuta tells a story of a friend of his, the Shaikh Sa’íd, superior of a convent at Mecca, who had been to India and got large presents at the court of Delhi…

Les Musulmans à Madagascar

M. G. Ferrand, formerly French Agent at Fort Dauphin, has devoted ch. ix. (pp. 83–90) of the second part of his valuable work Les Musulmans à Madagascar (Paris, 1893), to the “Etymology of Madagascar.”

Temple’s Travels in Various Parts of Peru

A passage from Temple’s Travels in Peru has been quoted as exhibiting exaggeration in the description of the condor surpassing anything that can be laid to Polo’s charge here; but that is, in fact, only somewhat heavy banter directed against our traveller’s own narrative. (See Travels in Various Parts of Peru, 1830, II. 414–417.)

Huon de Bordeaux

The Gryphon story also appears in the romance of Huon de Bordeaux, as well as in the tale called ‘Hasan of el-Basrah’ in Lane’s Version of the Arabian Nights.

Lane’s Version of the Arabian Nights

The Gryphon story also appears in the romance of Huon de Bordeaux, as well as in the tale called ‘Hasan of el-Basrah’ in Lane’s Version of the Arabian Nights.

Hommaire de Hell’s work on Persia

A large and elaborate example, from Hommaire de Hell’s work on Persia, is given in the cut above.

Travels of Rabbi Benjamin of Tudela

The story takes a peculiar form in the Travels of Rabbi Benjamin of Tudela. He heard that when ships were in danger of being lost in the stormy sea that led to China the sailors were wont to sew themselves up in hides, and so when cast upon the surface they were snatched up by great eagles called gryphons, which carried their supposed prey ashore, etc.

Vocab. Ital. Univ.

The Vocab. Ital. Univ. quotes Ariosto (VII. 36):— —“I Capidogli co’ vecchi marini Vengon turbati dal lor pigro sonno.” The Spermaceti‐whale is described under this name by Rondeletius, but from his cut it is clear he had not seen the animal.

Hist. de la Géog. de Madagascar

M. Alfred Grandidier, in his Hist. de la Géog. de Madagascar, p. 31, comes to the conclusion that Marco Polo has given a very exact description of Magadoxo, but that he did not know the island of Madagascar.

Hist. Aethiop. Comment.

… and it is with the greatest difficulty that one can be got from the natives, for one such serves to fan ten people, and to keep off the terrible heat from them, as well as the wasps and flies” (Ludolf, Hist. Aethiop. Comment. p. 164.)

Descripcion General de Africa

A Spanish author of the 16th century seems to take the same view of the Gryphon, but he is prudently vague in describing it, which he does among the animals of Africa: “The Grifo which some call Camello pardal ... is called by the Arabs Yfrit (!), and is made just in that fashion in which we see it painted in pictures.” (Marmol, Descripcion General de Africa, Granada, 1573, I. f. 30.)

Livre des Merveilles de l’Inde

Another story of a seaman wrecked on the coast of Africa is among those collected by M. Marcel Devic from an Arabic work of the 10th century on the “Marvels of Hind,” by an author who professes only to repeat the narratives of merchants and mariners whom he had questioned. (see Comptes Rendus, etc., ut supra; and Livre des Merveilles de l’Inde, p. 99.)

Quinta Pars Indiae Orientalis

A description of the whale‐catching process practised by the Islanders of St. Mary’s, or Nusi Ibrahim, is given in the Quinta Pars Indiae Orientalis of De Bry, p. 9.

Origines de l’île Bourbon

M. Guët (Origines de l’île Bourbon, 1888) brings the Carthaginians to Madagascar, and derives the name of this island from Madax‐Aschtoret or Madax‐Astarté, which signifies Isle of Astarté and Isle of Tanit!

Annals of the Ming Dynasty

Both Makdashau and Brava are briefly described in the Annals of the Ming Dynasty. The former, Mu-ku-tu-su, lies on the sea, 20 days from Siao-Kolan (Quilon?)...

Antananarivo Annual

Mr. I. Taylor (The origin of the name ‘Madagascar,’ in Antananarivo Annual, 1891) gives also some fancy etymologies; it is needless to mention them.

Ocean Highways, August to November, 1873

… (see also Reinaud’s Abulfeda, vol. i. pp. 15–16; and Ocean Highways, August to November, 1873.)

Reinaud’s Abulfeda

… (see also Reinaud’s Abulfeda, vol. i. pp. 15–16; and Ocean Highways, August to November, 1873.)

On the knowledge possessed by the Ancient Chinese of the Arabs, etc.

[1] Bretschneider, On the knowledge possessed by the Ancient Chinese of the Arabs, etc. London, 1871, p. 21.

De la grandeza de una bota d’anfora.

[3] “De la grandeza de una bota d’anfora.” The lowest estimate that I find of the Venetian anfora makes it equal to about 108 imperial gallons, a little less than the English butt. This seems intended. The ancient amphora would be more reasonable, being only 5·66 gallons.

Bennett’s Whaling Voyage

An intelligent writer, speaking of such effects on the same sea, says: “The boats floating on a calm sea, at a distance from the ship, were magnified to a great size; the crew standing up in them appeared as masts or trees, and their arms in motion as the wings of windmills; whilst the surrounding islands (especially at their low and tapered extremities) seemed to be suspended in the air, some feet above the ocean’s level.” (Bennett’s Whaling Voyage, II. 71–72.)

Prairies d’Or

Mas’udi speaks of an island Ḳanbălú, well cultivated and populous, one or two days from the Zinj coast, and the object of voyages from Oman, from which it was about 500 parasangs distant. It was conquered by the Arabs, who captured the whole Zinj population of the island, about the beginning of the Abasside Dynasty (circa A.D. 750). Barbier de Meynard thinks this may be Madagascar. I suspect it rather to be Pemba. (See Prairies d’Or, I. 205, 232, and III. 31.)

Liber Junioris Philosophi

The earliest use that I can find of the terms India Major and Minor is in the Liber Junioris Philosophi published by Hudson, and which is believed to be translated from a lost Greek original of the middle of the 4th century.

Legatio Magni Indorum Imperatoris

In fact the narrative by Damian de Goës of the Embassy from the King of Abyssinia to Portugal in 1513, which was printed at Antwerp in 1532, bears the title “Legatio Magni Indorum Imperatoris,” etc. (Ludolf, Comment. p. 2 and 75–76; Epiph. de Gemmis, etc., p. 15; R. Bacon, Opus Majus, p. 148; Matt. Paris, p. 372.)

Opus Majus

(R. Bacon, Opus Majus, p. 148)

Todd’s Travels

Certain figures in a temple at Anhilwara in Guzerat are said by local tradition to be the effigies of the twelve great kings of Europe. (Todd’s Travels, p. 107.)

Inde

The King of Arakan used to take the title of “Lord of the 12 provinces of Bengal” (Reinaud, Inde, p. 139.)

Cathay

And Cosmas tells us: “The hippopotamus I have not seen indeed, but I had some great teeth of his that weighed thirteen pounds, which I sold here (in Alexandria). And I have seen many such teeth in Ethiopia and in Egypt.” (See J. R. G. S. XXIX. 444; Cathay, p. clxxv.)

Chronicles of the Pathán Kings of Delhi

Note 1.—(E. Thomas, Chronicles of the Pathán Kings of Delhi, p. 203.)

Della Val. II.

Very particular accounts of these ventilators will be found in P. della Valle, and in the embassy of Don Garcias de Silva Figueroa. (Della Val. II. 333–335; Figueroa, Fr. Trans. 1667, p. 38; Ramus. I. 293 v.; Macd. Kinneir, p. 69.)

Figueroa, Fr. Trans. 1667

Ramus. I. 293 v.

Orient und Occident

Matthew Paris, commenting on the letter quoted above, says that many of the Jacobites before baptism brand their children on the forehead with a hot iron, whilst others brand a cross upon the cheeks or temples. He had seen such marks also on the arms of both Jacobites and Syrians who dwelt among the Saracens. It is clear, from Salt, that such branding was practised by many Abyssinians, and that to a recent date, though it may have been entirely detached from baptism. A similar practice is followed at Dwárika and Koteswar (on the old Indus mouth, now called Lakpat River), where the Hindu pilgrims to these sacred sites are branded with the mark of the god. (Orient und Occident, Göttingen, 1862, I. 453; Frescob. 114; Clavijo, 163; Ramus. I. f. 290, v., f. 184; Marin. Sanud. 185, and Bk. iii. pt. viii. ch. iv.; Clusius, Exotica, pt. ii. p. 142; Orland. Fur. XXXIII. st. 102; Voyage en Perse, dans les Années 1807–1809; Assemani, II. c.; Ludolf, iii. 6, § 41; Salt, in Valentia’s Trav. II. p. 505, and his Second Journey, French Tr., II. 219; M. Paris, p. 373; J. R. A. S. I. 42.)

Frescob.

Clavijo

… (Frescob. 114; Clavijo, 163; Ramus. I. f. 290, v., f. 184; …)

Ramus

… (Clavijo, 163; Ramus. I. f. 290, v., f. 184; Marin. Sanud. 185, …)

Marin. Sanud.

… (Ramus. I. f. 290, v., f. 184; Marin. Sanud. 185, and Bk. iii. pt. viii. ch. iv.; …)

Exotica

… (Marin. Sanud. 185, and Bk. iii. pt. viii. ch. iv.; Clusius, Exotica, pt. ii. p. 142; …)

Orland. Fur.

… (Clusius, Exotica, pt. ii. p. 142; Orland. Fur. XXXIII. st. 102; …)

Voyage en Perse, dans les Années 1807–1809

… (Orland. Fur. XXXIII. st. 102; Voyage en Perse, dans les Années 1807–1809; …)

Assemani

… (Voyage en Perse, dans les Années 1807–1809; Assemani, II. c.; …)

Ludolf

… (Assemani, II. c.; Ludolf, iii. 6, § 41; …)

Salt, in Valentia’s Trav. II. p. 505, and his Second Journey, French Tr., II. 219

… (Ludolf, iii. 6, § 41; Salt, in Valentia’s Trav. II. p. 505, and his Second Journey, French Tr., II. 219; …)

M. Paris

… (Salt, in Valentia’s Trav. II. p. 505, and his Second Journey, French Tr., II. 219; M. Paris, p. 373; …)

J. R. A. S. I.

… (M. Paris, p. 373; J. R. A. S. I. 42.)

Ming History

Aden is mentioned (A-dan) in ch. cccxxxvi. of the Ming History as having sent an embassy to China in 1427.

De Sacy, Chrestom. Arabe

On Aufat, see De Sacy, Chrestom. Arabe, I. 457.

Barbosa

Sheḥr is spoken of by Barbosa (Xaer in Lisbon ed.; Pecher in Ramusio; Xeher in Stanley; in the two last misplaced to the east of Dhofar): “It is a very large place, and there is a great traffic in goods imported by the Moors of Cambaia, Chaul, Dabul, Batticala, and the cities of Malabar, such as cotton-stuffs ... strings of garnets, and many other stones of inferior value; also much rice and sugar, and spices of all sorts, with coco-nuts; ... their money they invest in horses for India, which are here very large and good. Every one of them is worth in India 500 or 600 ducats.”

Ming Annals of China

The place is mentioned (Tsafarh) in the Ming Annals of China as a Mahomedan country lying, with a fair wind, 10 days N.W. of Kuli (supra, p. 440).

Periplus

and in the Periplus this frankincense is distinguished by the title Peratic, “from over the water.”

Maráṣid-al-Ittila’

The Maráṣid-al-Ittila’, a Geog. Dictionary of the end of the 14th century, in a passage of which we have quoted the commencement in the preceding note, proceeds as follows: “The other Dhafár, which still subsists, is on the shore of the Indian Sea, distant 5 parasangs from Mérbáth in the province of Shehr. Mérbáth lies below Dhafár, and serves as its port. Olibanum is found nowhere except in the mountains of Dhafár, in the territory of Shehr; …”

Reinaud’s Abulfeda

(Maráṣid-al-Ittila’, in Reinaud’s Abulfeda, I. p. 124.)

Thevet’s Cosmographie Universelle

Facsimile of an engraving in Thevet’s Cosmographie Universelle (1575), reproduced from the Bible Educator.

Bruce’s Travels

In the Atlas to Bruce’s Travels is figured a plant under the name of Angoua, which the Abyssinians believed to produce true olibanum…

Essay on Olibanum

… when Colebrooke (1807) published his Essay on Olibanum, in which he showed that a gum‐resin, identical as he considered with frankincense, …

Desc. de l’Arabie

Niebuhr, Desc. de l’Arabie, I. p. 202, II. pp. 125–132.

Pharmacographia

Hanbury and Flückiger’s Pharmacographia, pp. 120 seqq.;

Littré

“Drogue franche:—Qui a les qualités requises sans mélange” (Littré).

Raynouard

“Franc.... Vrai, véritable” (Raynouard).

Pharmacographia

Professor Dümichen, of Strasburg, has discovered at the Temple of Daïr-el-Báhri, in Upper Egypt, paintings illustrating the traffic carried on between Egypt and Arabia, as early as the 17th century B.C. In these paintings there are representations, not only of bags of olibanum, but also of olibanum‐trees planted in tubs or boxes, being conveyed by ship from Arabia to Egypt. (Hanbury and Flückiger, Pharmacographia, p. 121.)

J. R. G. S., vol. XV. (for 1845)

Published in J. R. G. S., vol. XV. (for 1845).

Macd. Kinneir, p. 69

Nine Years’ Travels

“The structures [at Gombroon] are all plain atop, only Ventoso’s, or Funnels, for to let in the Air, the only thing requisite to living in this fiery Furnace with any comfort; wherefore no House is left without this contrivance; which shews gracefully at a distance on Board Ship, and makes the Town appear delightful enough to Beholders, giving at once a pleasing Spectacle to Strangers, and kind Refreshment to the Inhabitants; for they are not only elegantly Adorned without, but conveniently Adapted for every Apartment to receive the cool Wind within.” (John Fryer, Nine Years’ Travels, Lond., 1698, p. 222.)

T’oung Pao, V. Supp.

Chao Ju-kua (transl. in German by Dr. F. Hirth, T’oung Pao, V. Supp. p. 40), a Chinese Official of the Sung Dynasty, says regarding Kish: “The land of Ki-shih lies upon a rocky island in the sea, in sight of the coast of Ta-shih, at half-a-day’s journey. There are but four towns in its territories…”

H. Murray’s edition

They will be found entire in English in H. Murray’s and Wright’s editions, and in the original French in the edition of the Société de Géographie, in Bartoli, and in Pauthier.

Wright’s edition

They will be found entire in English in H. Murray’s and Wright’s editions, and in the original French in the edition of the Société de Géographie, in Bartoli, and in Pauthier.

edition of the Société de Géographie

They will be found entire in English in H. Murray’s and Wright’s editions, and in the original French in the edition of the Société de Géographie, in Bartoli, and in Pauthier.

Bartoli

They will be found entire in English in H. Murray’s and Wright’s editions, and in the original French in the edition of the Société de Géographie, in Bartoli, and in Pauthier.

Pauthier

They will be found entire in English in H. Murray’s and Wright’s editions, and in the original French in the edition of the Société de Géographie, in Bartoli, and in Pauthier.

The Book of Alexander

These lay in the direction of the Arbre Sol, which the Book of Alexander calls the Arbre Sec, about which I have told you before.

the Nibelungen

They recall still more closely Brunhild, in the Nibelungen: “a royal maiden who reigned beyond the sea: From sunrise to the sundown no paragon had she. All boundless as her beauty was her strength was peerless too, And evil plight hung o’er the knight who dared her love to woo. For he must try three bouts with her; the whirling spear to fling; To pitch the massive stone; and then to follow with a spring; And should he beat in every feat his wooing well has sped, But he who fails must lose his love, and likewise lose his head.”

Davies’s Punjab Report

…it is printed soom in the Appendix to Davies’s Punjab Report, p. xi.

Desc. of London

Franc.-Michel quotes from Fitz-Stephen’s Desc. of London (temp. Henry II.):— “Aurum mittit Arabs ... Seres purpureas vestes; Galli sua vina; Norwegi, Russi, varium, grysium, sabelinas.”

Periplus of the Mediæval Caspian

…which Elie de Laprimaudaie in his Periplus of the Mediæval Caspian, locates at a place called Kaszik, a little east of Mariupol.

Tarikh Djihan Kushai

Note 1.—The author of the Tarikh Djihan Kushai, as well as Rashid and other Mohammedan authors of the same period, term the Hungarians Bashkerds (Bashkirs).

Wassáf’s History

…the following extract from Wassáf’s History, referring to this war, is a fine sample of that prince of rigmarole: “In the winter of 662 (A.D. 1262–1263) when the Almighty Artist had covered the River of Derbend with plates of silver…”

Masálak-al-Absár

…in the Masálak-al-Absár, the Cherkes, Russians, Aas (or Alans), and Majar are associated; the Majar and Alán in Sharifuddin.

D’Avezac’s Essay

…and a great number of other references … will be found in D’Avezac’s Essay, so often quoted (p. 497).

Herodotus

…(Herodotus, by Carey, IV. 131, 132.)

Plan Carpini’s account

Plan Carpini’s account of him is worth quoting: “Hominibus quidem ejus satis benignus; timetur tamen valde ab iis; sed crudelissimus est in pugnâ; sagax est multum; et etiam astutissimus in bello, quia longo tempore jam pugnavit.”

Cathay

…(Busbequii Opera, 1660, p. 321 seqq.; D’Avezac, pp. 498–499; Heyd, II. 123 seqq.; Cathay, pp. 200–201.)

Golden Horde

…The real list of the “Kings of the Ponent,” or Khans of the Golden Horde, down to the time of Polo’s narrative, runs thus: Batu, Sartaḳ, Ulagchi … (Golden Horde, p. 142, note.)

Klaproth’s Travels

…but when visited by Klaproth in the early part of the present one there were few buildings remaining. (Klaproth’s Travels, ch. xxxi.; …)

Rubruck

[Mr. Rockhill (Rubruck, p. 130, note) writes: “A branch of the Volga Bulgars occupied the Moldo-Vallach country in about A.D. 485 …”]

Makrizi

Batu bore the surname of Sain Khan, or “the Good Prince,” by which name he is mentioned, e.g., in Makrizi (Quatremère’s Trans. II. 45), also in Wassáf…

Crusca Italian

This conclusion is not found in any copy except in the Crusca Italian, and, with a little modification, in another at Florence, belonging to the Pucci family.

Liber Plegiorum

Already in 1224, we find a Marco Polo of S. Geremia and Cannareggio. (See Liber Plegiorum, published with Archivio Veneto, 1872 pp. 32, 36).

Delle Mem. Ven. Antiche

Donato must have been the richest Polo we hear of, for in the Estimo or forced Loan of 1379 for the Genoese War, he is assessed at 23,000 Lire.[8] In Gallicciolli, Delle Mem. Ven. Antiche, Ven. 1795, II. p. 136. In the MS. of Cappellari Campidoglio Veneto, in the Marciana, the sum stated is 3000 only.

Insc. Ven. II.

Indeed, Cicogna writes (Insc. Ven. II. p. 390):—“Non apparisce che Maffeo abbia avuto figliuoli maschi da questo testamento...

Vite de’ Duchi di Ven. in Muratori, XXII. 730

… [14] Cappellari, MS.; Sanuto, Vite de’ Duchi di Ven. in Muratori, XXII. 730.

Libro d’Oro from 1414 to 1497

[17] Libro d’Oro from 1414 to 1497 in Museo Correr, Comm. by Comm. Berchet.

Mur. XII. 410, 490

It may be added that a Francesco Paulo appears among the list of those condemned for participation in the conspiracy of Baiamonte Tiepolo in 1310. (Dandulo in Mur. XII. 410, 490.)

Genealogie delle famiglie nobili di Venesia

I note from the MS. of Priuli, Genealogie delle famiglie nobili di Venesia, kept in the Ro. Archivio di Stato at Venice, some information, pp. 4376–4378, which permit me to draw up the following Genealogy which may throw some light on the Polos of San Geremia:

Iscrizioni Veneziane

They were published first by Cicogna, Iscrizioni Veneziane, and again more exactly by Lazari.

Liber Magnus

Archivio Generale—Maggior Consiglio—Liber Magnus, p. 81.

MS. Paris Library, 7367 (now Fr. 1116)

1. MS. Paris Library, 7367 (now Fr. 1116). (Geographic Text.) Quant l’en se part de le isle de Pentam e l’en ala por ysceloc entor cent miles, adonc treuve le ysle de Java la Menor; mès si sachiés q’ele ne est pas si peitite q’ele ne gire environ plus de deus mille miles, et de ceste ysle voz conteron toute la virité. Or sachiés qe sor ceste ysle ha huit roiames et huit rois coronés en ceste ysle, e sunt tuit ydres et ont langajes por elles. Car sachiés che chascun des roiames ont langajes por eles. En ceste ysle a mout grandisme habundance de trezor et de toutes chieres especes e leingn aloe et espi, et de maintes autres especes que unques n’en vienent en nostre pais. Or vos voil conter la maineres de toutes cestes jens, cascune por soi, e vos dirai primermant une cousse qe bien senblera à cascun mervoilliose cousse. Or sachiés tout voirmant qe ceste ysle est tant à midi qe la stoille de tramontaine ne apert ne pou ne grant. Or noz retorneron à la mainere des homes, e voz conteron toute avant dou rouiame de Ferlec.

MS. of Paris Library, 10260 (Fr. 5631) (Pauthier’s MS. A.)

2. MS. of Paris Library, 10260 (Fr. 5631) (Pauthier’s MS. A.) Quant on se part de l’isle de Maliur, et on nage quatre vingt dix milles, adonc treuve en l’isle de Javva la Meneur; mais elle n’est mie si petite qu’elle n’ait de tour ii. milles. Et si vous conteray de cette isle l’affaire. Sachiez que sus ceste isle a viij. royaumes et viij. rois courronnés. Ilz sont tuit ydolastres; et si a, chascun royaume, son langaige par soy. Il y a en ceste isle grant quantité d’espiceries. Et si vous conteray la maniere de la plus grant partie de ces huit royaumes. Mais je vous diray avant une chose. Et sachiez que ceste isle est si vers midi que l’estoille tremontainne n’y apert. Or nous retournerons à notre matiere, et vous conterons tout avant du royaume de Falec.

Bern MS. (T. de Cepoy’s Type.)

3. Bern MS. (T. de Cepoy’s Type.) Quant l’en se part de l’isle de Malaiur, et l’en a nagie par seloc environ iiiixx et x milles, il dont treuve l’en la petite Isle de Java, mais elle n’est pas si petite qu’elle ne dure bien environ ijc milles. Et si vous conterons de ceste isle tout l’affaire et verité. Ore sachiez que sous ceste isle y a viij. royaumes et viii. roys couronnez, car chascun roy si a couronne par soy. Il sont tout ydres et chascun royaume par soy a son langage. Il y a en ceste isle moult grant tresor, et si y a moult despeceries de moult de manieres. [Et si vous conteray la maniere][1] de la plus grant part de ces viii. royaumes chascun par soy, mais avant vous diray une chose qui moult samblera estrange à chascun. Sachiez que l’estoille de Tramontane apert ne pou ne assez. Ore retournons nous a nostre manière.

Crusca.

4. Crusca. Quando l’uomo si parte dell’isola di Petam, e l’uomo va per isciroc da c miglia, trova l’isola di Iava la Minore, ma ella non è si piccola ch’ella non giri ii. M miglia: e di questa isola vi conterò tutto il vero. Sappiate che in su questa isola hae viii. re coronati, e sono tutti idoli, e ciascuno di questi reami ha lingua per sè. Qui ha grande abbondanza di tesoro e di tutte care ispezierie. Or vi conterò la maniera di tutti questi reami di ciascuno per sè; e dirovvi una cosa che parrà maraviglia ad ogni uomo, che questa isola è tanto verso mezzodì, che la tramontana non si vede nè poco nè assai. Or torneremo alla maniera degli uomeni, e dirovvi del reame di Ferbet.

Bern Italian.

5. Bern Italian. Se lo homo se parte da Pentan e navicha per sirocho c. mia, trova l’isola de Iana Minore che volze ben piu de iim. mia. In la qle isola è viii. regnami, e ciascun regname ha uno re. La zente de questa isola ha linguazo per si e sono idolatri e ge grande habundantia de specie che non sono mai in nostre contrade. Questa isola è tanto verso mezodi chel non se po veder la stella tramontana ne pocho ne assai. Jo non fui in tutti li regnami de questa provincia ma fui in solo lo regname de Forletti e in quel de Basaron e in quello de Samara e in quello de Groian e in quel de Lambrin e in quello de Fanfiro. In li altri dui non fui. E pero io ne diro pur de questi dove sum stado.

Ramusio’s Printed Text.

6. Ramusio’s Printed Text. Quando si parte dall’Isola Pentan, e che s’è navigato circa a cento miglia per Scirocco, si truova l’Isola di Giaua Minore. Ma non è però cosi picciola, che non giri circa due mila miglia a torno a torno. Et in quest’isola son’otto reami, et otto Re. Le genti della quale adorano gl’idoli, & in ciascun regno v’è linguaggio da sua posta, diverso dalla favella de gli altri regni. V’è abbondanza di thesoro, & di tutte le specie, & di legno d’aloe, verzino, ebano, & di molte altri sorti di specie, che alla patria nostra per la longhezza del viaggio, & pericoli del navigare non si portano, ma si portan’alla provincia di Mangi, & del Cataio. Hor vogliamo dire della maniera di questi genti di ciascuna partitamente per se, ma primamente è da sapere, che quest’isola è posta tanto verso le parti di mezo giorno, che quivi la stella Tramontana non si puo vedere, & M. Marco fu in sei reami di quest’isola, de’ quali, qui se ne parlerà, lasciando gli altri due che non vidde.

MS. of Paris Library, 3195. (Geographic Latin.)

7. MS. of Paris Library, 3195. (Geographic Latin.) Quando homo recedit de insula de Pentay et vadit per silochum sentum miliaria, invenit insulam minorem de Java, et est ista insula parva et durat duo millia miliaria; et de istâ insulâ computabo vobis omnia. Super istâ insulâ sunt octo regna, in sex quorum ego Marcus fui, scilicet in regnis Ferlech, Basman, Samara, Dragoiam, Lambri et Fanfur. In aliis autem duobus non fui; et secundum quod sunt octo regna, ita sunt octo reges coronati, et sunt omnes idolatrae. Et quodlibet istorum regnorum habet linguam per se. Ibi est magna abundantia thesauri et de omnibus caris speciebus; et dicam vobis de istâ insulâ quaedam quae videbuntur mirabilia. Ista insula est tantum versus meridiem quod tramontana non videtur ibi nec parvum nec multum. Postquam diximus vobis de insulâ et de regnis ipsius, nunc computemus de moribus hominum ipsius insulae, et primo de regno Ferlech.

De Gestis Alex. Magni

… in a volume containing … De Gestis Alex. Magni; Turpinus de Gestis Caroli Magni; …

Pipino’s Version (British Museum, King’s Libr. 14 c. xiii.)

8. Pipino’s Version (British Museum, King’s Libr. 14 c. xiii.). Ultra insulam Pentan, per Syrocum navigando, si truova l’isola de Iana Minore che volze ben piu de iim. mia. In la qle isola è viii. regnami, e ciascun regname ha uno re. La zente de questa isola ha linguazo per si e sono idolatri e ge grande habundantia de specie che non sono mai in nostre contrade. Questa isola è tanto verso mezodi chel non se po veder la stella tramontana ne pocho ne assai. Jo non fui in tutti li regnami de questa provincia ma fui in solo lo regname de Forletti e in quel de Basaron e in quello de Samara e in quello de Groian e in quel de Lambrin e in quello de Fanfiro. In li altri dui non fui. E pero io ne diro pur de questi dove sum stado.

Version of Cicogna MS. in Museo Civico, Venice.

9. Version of Cicogna MS. in Museo Civico, Venice. Ab ynsulâ Pentain cerca 100 mil. versus Syroch est ynsula Jaua que licet Minor dicatur per respectum alterius supradicte est in circuitus [sic] 2000 mil. et plus. In ipsâ enim sunt 8 regna singuli et reges, et habet quodlibet regnum per se proprium ydeoma, et est in ipsâ tesaurus multus valde et species magni valoris multe, et lignum aloes et spica, et multe diverse species que nunquam in nostris partibus apportantur. Et est hec ynsula in tantum versus meridiem possita quod Polus Articus breviter non apparet. Ego autem Marcus fui in sex regnis hujus insulæ, sc. in regnis Ferlech, Basman, Samara, Dragoiam, Lambri et Famsur. In aliis autem duobus non fui. Et primo dicam de regno Ferlech.

Version printed in the Novus Orbis of Grynæus.

10. Version printed in the Novus Orbis of Grynæus. Ultra insulam Petan, per Sirochum navigando, est Jaua Minor, centum distans milliaribus à Petan: et hæc in circuitu continere dicitur circiter duo millia milliarium. Dividitur insula in octo regna, habetque linguam propriam. Producit etiam varia aromata, qualia in his nostris partibus nunquam visa sunt.... Protenditur hæc insula in tantum ad Austrum, ut Polus Articus, et stelle ejus minime videri possent. Ego Marcus fui in hâc insula, lustravique sex ejus regna, nempe regnum Ferlech, Basman, Samara, Dragoiam, Lambri, et Fansur. In aliis vero duobus non fui.

Le Livre des Merveilles

List of Miniatures in the Great Volume of the French National Library, commonly known as ‘Le Livre des Merveilles’ (Fr. 2810) which belong to The Book of Marco Polo.

The Makers of Venice

the whole of the Frontispiece representing the Piazzetta reduced has been poorly reproduced in Mrs. Oliphant’s The Makers of Venice, London, 1887, p. 134.

Pipino’s Version

Latin Pipino’s Version; with the work of Hayton the Armenian; Parchment; written about A.D. 1400, in a careful hand.—152 ff.—folio.

the work of Hayton the Armenian

Latin Pipino’s Version; with the work of Hayton the Armenian; Parchment; written about A.D. 1400, in a careful hand.—152 ff.—folio.

Odoric

British Museum Library Arundel, XIII., Plut. 163 c. Latin Pipino’s; followed by Odoric in same hand, but more carelessly written. Parchment.

Ranulf of Chester

… containing Ranulf of Chester; Praefationes Historiographorum; Gyraldus Camb. de Conq. Hyberniae; Libellus de Mirab. Sanctae Terrae; Odoric; Rubruquis; Polo; Verses of Master Michael of Cornwall; etc.—[H. Cordier, Odoric, pp. lxviii–lxix.]

Praefationes Historiographorum

Gyraldus Camb. de Conq. Hyberniae

Libellus de Mirab. Sanctae Terrae

Rubruquis

Verses of Master Michael of Cornwall

… containing … Verses of Master Michael of Cornwall; etc.—[H. Cordier, Odoric, pp. lxviii–lxix.]

Le livre d’Alexandre

Contains eight works: Le livre d’Alexandre; Jehan le Venelais, la Vengeance d’Alexandre; Marc Pol; Odoric; Ascelin, Mission chez les Tartares; le Directoire; Primat, Chronique des règnes de Louis IX. et de Philippe III.; Extraits de la Bible; Translation of Jean de Vignay. (See H. Cordier, Odoric, pp. cv.–cvi.; 14th century.)

Jehan le Venelais, la Vengeance d’Alexandre

Contains eight works: Le livre d’Alexandre; Jehan le Venelais, la Vengeance d’Alexandre; Marc Pol; …

Ascelin, Mission chez les Tartares

Contains eight works: …; Ascelin, Mission chez les Tartares; …

le Directoire

Contains eight works: …; le Directoire; Primat, Chronique des règnes de Louis IX. et de Philippe III.; …

Primat, Chronique des règnes de Louis IX. et de Philippe III.

Contains eight works: …; Primat, Chronique des règnes de Louis IX. et de Philippe III.; Extraits de la Bible; Translation of Jean de Vignay.

Extraits de la Bible

Contains eight works: …; Extraits de la Bible; Translation of Jean de Vignay.

Translation of Jean de Vignay

Contains eight works: …; Translation of Jean de Vignay. (See H. Cordier, Odoric, pp. cv.–cvi.; 14th century.)

Noticia de Machometo et de Libro Legis Sarracenorum

Appended, f. 85 et seqq., is a notice of Mahommed and the Koran: Incipit Noticia de Machometo et de Libro Legis Sarracenorum, etc. Appears to be the work of William of Tripoli.

Palladius de Agriculturâ

… followed by Hayton, and Palladius de Agriculturâ.

Jacques de Vitry

The same folio contains Jacques de Vitry, Hayton, several works on Mahommedanism, among others that of William of Tripoli (vol. i. p. 23), Piers Plowman, etc.

Piers Plowman

… among others that of William of Tripoli (vol. i. p. 23), Piers Plowman, etc.

Marci Pauli Veneti Historia Tartarorum

Fragment of Marci Pauli Veneti Historia Tartarorum (probably Pipino’s.)

Guido Colonna’s Hist. destruct. Trojæ

… in a volume containing Guido Colonna’s Hist. destruct. Trojæ; De Gestis Alex. Magni; Turpinus de Gestis Caroli Magni; M.P.V.; Oderichus de Mirabilibus Tartariæ.

Turpinus de Gestis Caroli Magni

… in a volume containing … Turpinus de Gestis Caroli Magni; M.P.V.; …

Oderichus de Mirabilibus Tartariæ

… in a volume containing … M.P.V.; Oderichus de Mirabilibus Tartariæ.

Irish Version

Ireland Lismore Castle, and a transcript in Library of Royal Irish Academy, Dublin Irish See vol. i., Introduction, Irish Version, pp. 102–103.

Leges S. Edwardi per Will. Conq. confirmatæ

In a collection of “Historical and Miscellaneous Treatises” comprising: Leges S. Edwardi per Will. Conq. confirmatæ; De Fundatoribus Eccles. quarundam in Anglia, etc.

De Fundatoribus Eccles. quarundam in Anglia

In a collection of “Historical and Miscellaneous Treatises” comprising: … De Fundatoribus Eccles. quarundam in Anglia, etc.

Frere Odric de lordre des Freres meneurs

… Marc Pol. Frere Odric de lordre des // Freres meneurs. Le Liure fait à la requeste du Cardinal Taleran de Pierregort.

L’Estat du Grant Kaan

… Le Liure de Messire Guillaume de Mandeville. … L’Estat du Grant Kaan. Le Liure de Messire Guillaume …

Le Liure de Messire Guillaume de Mandeville

… Le Liure de Messire Guillaume // de Mandeville. Le Liure de Frere Jehan Hayton de lordre de premonstre.

Le Liure de Frere Jehan Hayton de lordre de premonstre

… Le Liure de Frere Jehan Hayton de lordre de premonstre. // Le Liure de Frere Bicul de lordre des Freres Prescheurs.

Le Liure de Frere Bicul de lordre des Freres Prescheurs

… Le Liure de Frere Bicul de lordre des Freres Prescheurs.

Petri Amphusi clericalis disciplina

… Contains: Petri Amphusi clericalis disciplina; Odoric; Marco Polo; Bernardi cujusdam ad Raymundum Castri Ambrosii epistola de modo rei familiaris utilius gubernandae. Cf. Cat. Cod. MSS. Bib. Reg. Pars tertia.

Bernardi cujusdam ad Raymundum Castri Ambrosii epistola de modo rei familiaris utilius gubernandae

… Contains: … Bernardi cujusdam ad Raymundum Castri Ambrosii epistola de modo rei familiaris utilius gubernandae. Cf. Cat. Cod. MSS. Bib. Reg. Pars tertia.

Marchi (Pauli) Veneti Liber Narrationum Morum

Luxemburg City Library, No. 50 Latin Volume containing several works; and among them Marchi (Pauli) Veneti Liber Narrationum Morum, etc. Written 1448 by Tilman Pluntsch.

De Locis Terrae Sanctae

Venice St. Mark’s Library, Cl. VI. Codd. Ital., 56 Italian (Ven. dialect) A rude translation of Pipino’s version, also contains a translation of the same Pipino’s Tract, De Locis Terrae Sanctae.

A. Ca’ da Mosto

Venice St. Mark’s Library, Cl. VI. Codd. Ital., 208 Italian (Ven. dialect) … The volume contains also Odoric, A. Ca’ da Mosto, V. da Gama, Columbus, etc.

V. da Gama

… The volume contains also … V. da Gama, Columbus, etc.

Columbus

… The volume contains also … Columbus, etc.

Ricold of Monte Croce

Rome Barberini Library, XXXIV. 4 Latin A MS. volume, containing Ricold of Monte Croce; Tractatus divisionis et ambitûs Orbis Terrarum; Liber de divisione Orbis Terrarum; Libellus de Mirabilibus Urbis Romae; …

Tractatus divisionis et ambitûs Orbis Terrarum

… containing Ricold of Monte Croce; Tractatus divisionis et ambitûs Orbis Terrarum; Liber de divisione Orbis Terrarum; …

Liber de divisione Orbis Terrarum

… containing … Liber de divisione Orbis Terrarum; Libellus de Mirabilibus Urbis Romae; …

Libellus de Mirabilibus Urbis Romae

… containing … Libellus de Mirabilibus Urbis Romae; and “Incipit de Morum et Gentium Varietatibus editus a Marcho Polo Veneto.”

Boccacio’s De Casibus Virorum Illustrium

Munich Royal Library, Codd. Lat. 249 Latin… Also Pipino’s tract, De Locis Terrae Sctae., and Boccacio’s De Casibus Virorum Illustrium.

Excerpta de ejus Historia, principaliter Orientalis

Munich Royal Library? Latin Excerpta de ejus Historia, principaliter Orientalis Private Memo.

Narrationes ex ejus libro de partibus transmarinis

Munich Royal Library? Latin Narrationes ex ejus libro de partibus transmarinis Private Memo.

Boldensel

Wolfenbüttel Ducal Library, No. 40, Weissemburg Latin [Contains: … Ricold; Boldensel.—Ricold was published by Mr. J. C. Laurent…]

Ciceronis orationes in Verrem

Wolfenbüttel Ducal Library, No. 41, Weissemburg Latin [Contains: Ciceronis orationes in Verrem; Chronicon Flandriae; R. Bacon, de regionibus ad papam Clementem; …]

Chronicon Flandriae

Wolfenbüttel Ducal Library, No. 41, Weissemburg Latin [Contains: … Chronicon Flandriae; R. Bacon, de regionibus ad papam Clementem; …]

de regionibus ad papam Clementem

Wolfenbüttel Ducal Library, No. 41, Weissemburg Latin [Contains: … R. Bacon, de regionibus ad papam Clementem; Marco Polo, …]

Plano Carpini

Wolfenbüttel Ducal Library, No. 41, Weissemburg Latin [Contains: …; Plano Carpini. Paper, 15th cent, fol., ff. 253.]

Expositio Libri Mateorum

Berlin Royal Library Latin Pipino’s. Also contains Mappa-Mundi, Expositio Libri Mateorum, etc.

Marcus Paulus de Mirabilibus Mundi

Würzburg Royal Library, Cod. Germ. 696 German The version published at Nuremberg in 1477. Paper, 4to.

M. Paulus de Venetiis de Regionibus Orientis

Giessen University Library, No. 218 Latin M. Paulus de Venetiis de Regionibus Orientis (with other matter), probably Pipino’s.

History of Duke Leopold and his Son William of Austria

1481. A reproduction of the preceding at Augsburg, in the same volume with the History of Duke Leopold and his Son William of Austria.

The Travels of Nicolo Conti

1502. Portuguese version from Pipino, along with the Travels of Nicolo Conti. Printed at Lisbon by Valentym Fernandez Alemao (see vol. ii. of this work, p. 295).

the book of Hayton

1671. Andreas Müller of Greiffenhagen reprints the Latin of the Novus Orbis, with a collation of readings from the Pipino MS. at Berlin; and with it the book of Hayton, and a disquisition De Chataiâ.

Bergeron’s interesting collection of Mediæval Travels in Asia

1735. Bergeron’s interesting collection of Mediæval Travels in Asia, published in French at the Hague. The Polo is a translation from Müller, and hence is (as we have already indicated) at 6th hand.

Astley’s Collection

1747. In Astley’s Collection, IV. 580 seqq., there is an abstract of Polo’s book, with brief notes, which are extremely acute, though written in a vulgar tone, too characteristic of the time.

Carta Catalana, Catalan Map of 1375

Carta Catalana, Catalan Map of 1375, 134, i. 57n, 59n, 82n, 161n, ii. 221n, 243n, 286n, 362n, 386, 396n, 494n

Voyageurs Anciens et Modernes, &c.

1854–57. Voyageurs Anciens et Modernes, &c. Par M. Ed. Charton. Paris. An interesting and creditable popular work. Vol. ii. contains Marco Polo, with many illustrations, including copies from miniatures in the Livre des Merveilles.

Mémoires Relatifs à l’Asie

22. Klaproth, Julius. A variety of most interesting articles in the Journal Asiatique (see sér. I. tom. iv., tom. ix.; sér. II. tom. i. tom. xi. etc.), and in his Mémoires Relatifs à l’Asie. Paris, 1824. Klaproth speaks more than once as if he had a complete Commentary on Marco Polo prepared or in preparation (e.g., see J. As., sér. i. tom. iv. p. 380). But the examination of his papers after his death produced little or nothing of this kind.—[Cf. supra, p. 573.]

Delle Iscrizioni Veneziane, Raccolte ed Illustrate

23. Cicogna, Emmanuele Antonio. Delle Iscrizioni Veneziane, Raccolte ed Illustrate. Venezia, 1824–1843. Contains valuable notices regarding the Polo family, especially in vol. ii.

Mélanges Asiatiques

24. Rémusat, Jean Pierre Abel. Mélanges Asiatiques. Paris, 1825. Nouveaux Mélanges As. Paris, 1829. The latter contains (i. 381 seqq.) an article on Marsden’s Marco Polo, and one (p. 397 seqq.) upon Zurla’s Book.

Nouveaux Mélanges As.

Antologia

25. Antologia, edited by Vieussieux. Tom. xix. B. pp. 92–124. Firenze, 1825. A review of the publication of the old French Text by the Soc. de Géographie.

Vies de plusieurs Personnages Célèbres des temps anciens et modernes

27. Walckenaer, Baron C. Vies de plusieurs Personnages Célèbres des temps anciens et modernes. Laon, 1830, 2 vol. 8vo. This contains a life of Marco Polo, vol. ii. pp. 1–34.

Lives of Celebrated Travellers

28. St. John, James Augustus. Lives of Celebrated Travellers. London (circa 1831). Contains a life of Marco Polo, which I regret not to have seen.

Hist. of Maritime and Inland Discovery

29. Cooley, W. D. Hist. of Maritime and Inland Discovery. London (circa 1831). This excellent work contains a good chapter on Marco Polo.

Die Erdkunde von Asien

30. Ritter, Carl. Die Erdkunde von Asien. Berlin, 1832, seqq. This great work abounds with judicious comments on Polo’s Geography, most of which have been embodied in Bürck’s edition.

The Merchant and the Friar

35. Palgrave, Sir Francis. The Merchant and the Friar. London, 1837. The Merchant is Marco Polo, who is supposed to visit England, after his return from the East, and to become acquainted with the Friar Roger Bacon. The book consists chiefly of their conversations on many subjects. It does not affect the merits of this interesting book that Bacon is believed to have died in 1292, some years before Marco’s return from the East.

Romance of Travel

40. Macfarlane, Charles. Romance of Travel. London, C. Knight. 1846. A good deal of intelligent talk on Marco Polo.

Geschichte der Botanik

41. Meyer, Ernst H. F. Geschichte der Botanik. Königsberg, 1854–57. In vol. iv, there is a special chapter on Marco Polo’s notices of plants.

Notice sur le Livre de Marco Polo

43. Khanikoff, Nicolas de. Notice sur le Livre de Marco Polo, édité et commenté par M. G. Pauthier. Paris, 1866. Extracted from the Journal Asiatique.

Memoria intorno ai Viaggiatori Italiani nelle Indie Orientali, dal secolo XIII. a tutto il XVI.

46. De Gubernatis, Prof. Angelo. Memoria intorno ai Viaggiatori Italiani nelle Indie Orientali, dal secolo XIII. a tutto il XVI. Firenze, 1867.

Degli Scritti di Marco Polo e dell’Uccello Ruc da lui menzionato

47. Bianconi, Prof. Giuseppe. Degli Scritti di Marco Polo e dell’Uccello Ruc da lui menzionato. 2 parts large 8vo. Bologna, 1862 and 1868, pp. 64, 40. A meritorious essay, containing good remarks on the comparison of different Texts.

Tales of Old Travel renarrated

48. Kingsley, Henry. Tales of Old Travel renarrated. London, 1869. This begins with Marco Polo. The work has gone through several editions...

Marco Polo, Il Cristoforo Colombo dell’Asia

50. Ghika, Princess Elena (Dora d’Istria). Marco Polo, Il Cristoforo Colombo dell’Asia. Trieste, 1869, 8vo, pp. 39.

Marco Polo, Orazione commemorativa

51. Buffa, Prof. Gaspare. Marco Polo, Orazione commemorativa, Letta nel R. Liceo Cristoforo Colombo il 24 marzo 1872. Genova, 8vo, pp. 18.

History of India

57. Wheeler, J. Talboys. History of India (vol. iii. pp. 385–393) contains a résumé of, and running comment on, Marco Polo’s notices of India. Mr. Wheeler’s book says; “His travels appear to have been written at Comorin, the most southerly point of India” (p. 385).

Marco Polo: Oeffentlicher Vortrag, gehalten in der Geographisch-Kommerziellen Gesellschaft in St. Gallen

69. K. C. Amrein. Marco Polo: Oeffentlicher Vortrag, gehalten in der Geographisch-Kommerziellen Gesellschaft in St. Gallen. Zurich, 1879, 8vo.

Marco Polo, son temps et ses voyages

70. Vidal-Lablache, Paul. Bibliothèque des Écoles et des Familles.—Marco Polo, son temps et ses voyages. Paris, 1880, 8vo, pp. 192. There is a second edition.

Travels, &c.

Timkowski. Travels, &c., edited by Klaproth. London, 1827.

Varthema’s Travels

Uzzano. See Della Decima. Varthema’s Travels. By Jones and Badger. Hak. Soc., 1863.

Travels in Kashmir, &c.

Vigne, G. T. Travels in Kashmir, &c. London, 1842.

Speculum Historiale, Speculum Naturale, &c.

Vin. Bell., Vinc. Bellov. Vincent of Beauvais’ Speculum Historiale, Speculum Naturale, &c. Visdelou. Supplément to D’Herbelot. 1780.

Middle Kingdom

Williams’s Middle Kingdom. 3rd. Ed. New York and London, 1857.

Journeys in N. China, &c.

Williamson, Rev. A. Journeys in N. China, &c. London, 1870.

Metrical Romances of the XIIIth, XIVth, and XVth Centuries

Weber’s Metrical Romances of the XIIIth, XIVth, and XVth Centuries. Edinburgh, 1810.

Noord en Oost Tartaryen

Witsen. Noord en Oost Tartaryen. 2nd Ed. Amsterdam, 1785.

Joinville

M. Natalis de Wailly, in his recent fine edition of Joinville, determines the valuation of these livres, in the reign of St. Lewis, by taking a mean between a value calculated on the present value of silver, and a value calculated on the present value of gold,[2] and his result is:

Secreta Fidelium Crucis

but the calculations of Marino Sanudo (1300–1320) in the Secreta Fidelium Crucis show that he reckons the Ducat equivalent to 3·2 lire of piccoli.[8]

Cathay

The term Bezant is used by Polo always (I believe) as it is by Joinville, by Marino Sanudo, and by Pegolotti, for the Egyptian gold dínár, the intrinsic value of which varied somewhat, but can scarcely be taken at less than 10s. 6d. or 11s. (See Cathay, pp. 440–441; and see also J. As. sér. VI. tom. xi. pp. 506–507.)

J. As. sér. VI. tom. xi.

(See Cathay, pp. 440–441; and see also J. As. sér. VI. tom. xi. pp. 506–507.)

Essai sur les Monnoies, &c.

See (Dupré de St. Maur) Essai sur les Monnoies, &c. Paris, 1746, p. xv; and Douet d’Arcq, pp. 5, 15, &c.

Douet d’Arcq

See (Dupré de St. Maur) Essai sur les Monnoies, &c. Paris, 1746, p. xv; and Douet d’Arcq, pp. 5, 15, &c.

Introd. Essay

Also called, according to Romanin, Lira d’imprestidi. See Introd. Essay in vol. i. p. 66.[6]

Pol. Ec. del Med. Evo. III

The Gold Florin of Florence was worth a fraction more = 9s. 4·85d. Sign. Desimoni, of Genoa, obligingly points out that the changed relation of Gold ducat and silver grosso was due to a general rise in price of gold between 1284 and 1302, shown by notices of other Italian mints which raise the equation of the gold florin in the same ratio, viz. from 9 sols tournois to 12. [4]

Della Decima

In Uzzano (1440) we find the Ducat equivalent to 100 soldi, i.e. to 5 lire. Everybody seems to be tickled at the notion that the Scotch Pound or Livre was only 20 Pence. Nobody finds it funny that the French or Italian Pound is only 20 halfpence, or less! [9] Uzzano in Della Decima, IV. 124.

Cod. Diplomat. del S. Mil. Ord. Gerosolim

Thus in the document containing the autograph of King Hayton, presented at p. 13 of Introductory Essay, the King gives with his daughter, “Damoiselle Femie,” a dowry of 25,000 besans sarrazinas, and in payment 4 of his own bezants staurats (presumably so called from bearing a cross) are to count as one Saracen Bezant. (Cod. Diplomat. del S. Mil. Ord. Gerosolim. I. 134.)

Archéologie Nav. I.

Jal (Archéologie Nav. I. 271) cites the following Table of Old Venice Measures of Length. 4 fingers = 1 handbreadth. 4 handbreadths = 1 foot. 5 feet = 1 pace. 1000 paces = 1 mile. 4 miles = 1 league.

Rājataraṅgiṇī, A Chronicle of the Kings of Kásmīr

In Kalhaṇa’s Rājataraṅgiṇī, A Chronicle of the Kings of Kásmīr translated by M. A. Stein, we read (Bk. IV. 94, p. 128): “Again the Brahman’s wife addressed him: ‘O king, as he is famous for his knowledge of charms (Khārkhodavidyā), he can get over an ordeal with ease.’”

Flor de las Ystorias de Oriente

The original 14th century MS., written in a good hand on two columns, includes several works; among them we note: 1°, a Collection entitled Flor de las Ystorias de Oriente (fol. 1–104), made on the advice of Juan Fernandez de Heredia, Grand Master of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem (1377), of which Marco Polo (fol. 50–104) is a part;

Secretum Secretorum

The original 14th century MS. includes several works; among them ... 2° and Secretum Secretorum (fol. 254 r-fol. 312 v.); this MS. is not mentioned in our List, App. F., II. p. 546, unless it be our No. 60.

Gesta Pontificum Leodiensium

The Dean of Tongres, Radulphus of Rivo, a native of Breda, writes indeed in his Gesta Pontificum Leodiensium, 1616, p. 17: 'Hoc anno Ioannes Mandeuilius natione Anglus ... Sepultus in Ecclesia Wilhelmitarum non procul à moenibus Ciuitatis Leodiensis.

Chronique et geste de Jean des Preis dit d’Outremeuse

In his introduction to the Chronique et geste de Jean des Preis dit d’Outremeuse, Brussels, F. Hayez, 1887 (Collection des Chroniques belges inédites), Dr. Stanislas Bormans writes, ...

Relation des Mongols ou Tartars par le frère Jean du Plan de Carpin

[P. 33 of the Relation des Mongols ou Tartars par le frère Jean du Plan de Carpin, Paris, 1838]

Mandeville’s Book

One of the last questions in which Sir Henry Yule took an interest was the problem of the authorship of the book of Travels bearing the name of Sir John Mandeville – a work compiled from various sources and subject to extensive debate regarding its true origin.

Itinerary of Belgium

It is not the first time that the names Jean de Mandeville and Jean à la Barbe are to be met with, as Ortelius, in his description of Liège, included in his Itinerary of Belgium, has given the epitaph of the knightly physician: “Leodium primo aspectu ostentat in sinistra ripa (nam dextra vinetis plena est, …”

National Biography

Dr. Warner writes in the National Biography: “There is abundant proof that the tomb of the author of the Travels was to be seen in the Church of the Guillemins or Guillelmites at Liège down to the demolition of the building in 1798. The fact of his burial there, with the date of his death, 17th November, 1372, was published by Bale in 1548… ”

Book of Jehan de Mandeville

…one of these manuscripts—now separate—contains the Book of Jehan de Mandeville, the other one, a treatise of “la preservacion de epidimie, minucion ou curacion d’icelle faite de maistre Jehan de Bourgoigne, autrement dit à la Barbe, professeur en médicine et cytoien du Liège,” in 1365.

la preservacion de epidimie, minucion ou curacion d’icelle faite de maistre Jehan de Bourgoigne, autrement dit à la Barbe, professeur en médicine et cytoien du Liège

…one of these manuscripts contains the Book of Jehan de Mandeville, the other one, a treatise of “la preservacion de epidimie, minucion ou curacion d’icelle faite de maistre Jehan de Bourgoigne, autrement dit à la Barbe, professeur en médicine et cytoien du Liège,” in 1365.

Itinerary of William of Boldensele

Sir Henry Yule traces thus the sources of the spurious work: “… This is the itinerary of the German knight William of Boldensele, written in 1336 at the desire of Cardinal Talleyrand de Perigord. A cursory comparison …”

Cosmographia

…but only the Greek and the Hebrew (which were readily accessible) are what they pretend to be, and that which he calls Saracen actually comes from the Cosmographia of Æthicus!

Liber de Statu Saracenorum

He was, however, wholly indebted for that information to the Liber de Statu Saracenorum of William of Tripoli (circa 1270), as he was to the Historiæ Orientis of Hetoum, the Armenian …

Historiæ Orientis

…as he was to the Historiæ Orientis of Hetoum, the Armenian (1307), for much of what he wrote about Egypt.

Abulfeda's Geography

Abulfeda, his geography, 4, i. 3n, 6n, 9n, 53n, 57n, 58n, 75n, 81n, 110n, 385n, ii. 237n, 286n, 367n, 377n, 486n, 489n; at the siege of Acre, 165n

Li Tresor

Brunetto Latini’s Book, Li Tresor, 88, 117

French Chronicle of Venice

Canale, Cristoforo, MS. by, 34, 37 —— Martino da, French Chronicle of Venice by, 88

D’Anville’s Map

D’Anville’s Map, i. 25n, 88n, 155n, 224n, 228n, 297n, 408n, ii. 69n, 72n, 141n

Dürer's Map of Venice

Dürer's Map of Venice, so-called, 29, 30

Buddhist Birth Stories

Davids, Professor T. W. Rhys, Buddhist Birth Stories, ii. 326n

Gardiner’s Travels

Gardiner’s (misprinted Gardner’s) Travels, i. 160n, 179n

Libro d’Oro

Libanos, Λιβανοφόρος and Λιβανωτοφόρος χώρα, ii. 445n–446n Libro d’Oro, 14

Journey through Khorasan

Macgregor, Sir C., “Journey through Khorasan,” i. 86n, 89n

Atlas Sinensis

his Atlas Sinensis, i. 42n, ii. 69n

Pastorale Comique

Molière, Pastorale Comique, i. 341n

Book of Travels

Maundevile, Sir John (John a Beard), ... his Book of Travels, ii. 598n, 605n; English version, 601n; his tomb, 604n

Book on Prester John, Der Presbyter Johannes in Sage and Geschichte

Oppert, Dr. Gustavus, Book on Prester John, Der Presbyter Johannes in Sage and Geschichte, i. 231n–233n, 235n, 236n, 245n, 288n

St. Matthew's Gospel

St. Matthew’s Gospel, story of the Magi, i. 82n

Taríkh-i-Rashídí

Taríkh-i-Rashídí, i. 194n

Malay Chronicle

Shijarat Malayu, or Malay Chronicle, ii. 287n, 288n, 294n, 296n, 300n, 302n

Roman Martyrology

Roman Martyrology, 357n

Seneca, Epistles

Seneca, Epistles, i. 14n

Album of Villard de Honnecourt

Villard de Honnecourt, Album of, ii. 164n

History of Mongol Dynasty in China

Yuen shi, History of Mongol Dynasty in China, i. 115n, 248n, 295n, ii. 95n

Human Marriage

Westermarck, Human Marriage, ii. 48n, 93n

The Lo-han Shan-chu tsun che

A Project Gutenberg eBook The Lo-han Shan-chu tsun che. No. 100 in the Series of the Five Hundred Lo-han.

SER MARCO POLO NOTES AND ADDENDA TO SIR HENRY YULE’S EDITION, CONTAINING THE RESULTS OF RECENT RESEARCH AND DISCOVERY BY HENRI CORDIER

Yule’s grand work

When the third edition of the Book of Ser Marco Polo was published in 1903, criticism was lenient to the Editor of Yule’s grand work, and it was highly satisfactory to me that such competent judges as Sir Aurel Stein and Sven Hedin gave their approval to the remarks I made on the itineraries followed in Central Asia by the celebrated Venetian Traveller.

Cathay and the Way Thither

In the mean time I had given a second edition of Cathay and the Way Thither, having thus an opportunity to explore old ground again and add new commentaries to the book.

Notes [miscellaneous]

—— Notes [miscellaneous] by H. Yule, Palermo, August 28th, 1872. (Indian Antiquary, I. 1872, pp. 320–321.)

Discovery of Sanskrit.

—— “Discovery of Sanskrit.” By H. Yule, Palermo, Dec. 26th, 1872. (Indian Antiquary, II. 1873, p. 96.)

Sopeithes, King of the Κηκεοί.

—— “Sopeithes, King of the Κηκεοί.” By H. Yule. (Indian Antiquary, II. 1873, p. 370.)

The Geography of Ibn Batuta’s Travels in India.

—— The Geography of Ibn Batuta’s Travels in India. By Col. H. Yule, Palermo. (Indian Antiquary, III. 1874, pp. 114–117, 209–212.)

The Geography of Ibn Batuta’s Travels.

—— The Geography of Ibn Batuta’s Travels. By Col. H. Yule, C.B. (Ibid. pp. 242–244.)

Mediæval Ports of Western and Southern India, etc., named in the Tohfat-al-Majâhidîn.

—— Mediæval Ports of Western and Southern India, etc., named in the Tohfat-al-Majâhidîn. By Col. H. Yule, C.B., Palermo. (Indian Antiquary, III. 1874, pp. 212–214.)

Malifattan.

—— Malifattan. By Col. H. Yule, C.B., Palermo. (Indian Antiquary, IV. 1875, pp. 8–10.)

Champa.

—— Champa. By H. Yule. (Indian Antiquary, VI. 1877, pp. 228–230.) From the Geog. Mag., March, 1877, IV. pp. 66–67. Written for the Encyclopædia Britannica, but omitted.

Specimen of a Discursive Glossary of Anglo-Indian Terms.

—— Specimen of a Discursive Glossary of Anglo-Indian Terms. By H. Y. and A. C. B. (Indian Antiquary, VIII. 1879, pp. 52–54, 83–86, 173–176, 201–204, 231–233.)

History of the Toba (Tungusic) Dynasty of North China

The character T’ou 鍮 does not appear in the old dictionaries; its first appearance is in the History of the Toba (Tungusic) Dynasty of North China. This History first mentions the name ‘Persia’ in A.D. 455 and the existence there of this metal, which, a little later on, is also said to come from a State in the Cashmeer region.

K’ang-hi’s seventeenth-century dictionary

K’ang-hi’s seventeenth-century dictionary is more explicit: it states that Termed produces this ore, but that ‘the true sort comes from Persia, and looks like gold, but on being heated it turns carnation, and not black.’ As the Toba Emperors added 1000 new characters to the Chinese stock, we may assume this one to have been invented, for the specific purpose indicated.

Ancient Khotan

KHOTAN. Sir Aurel Stein writes (Ancient Khotan, I., pp. 139–140): “Marco Polo’s account of Khotan and the Khotanese forms an apt link between these early Chinese notices and the picture drawn from modern observation. It is brief but accurate in all details. The Venetian found the people ‘subject to the Great Kaan’ and ‘all worshippers of Mahommet.’ ‘There are numerous towns and villages in the country, but Cotan, the capital, is the most noble of all and gives its name to the kingdom. Everything is to be had there in plenty, including abundance of cotton [with flax, hemp, wheat, wine, and the like]. The people have vineyards and gardens and estates. They live by commerce and manufactures, and are no soldiers.’ Nor did the peculiar laxity of morals, which seems always to have distinguished the people of the Khotan region, escape Marco Polo’s attention. For of the ‘Province of Pein,’ which, as we shall see, represents the oases of the adjoining modern district of Keriya, he relates the custom that ‘if the husband of any woman go away upon a journey and remain away for more than twenty days, as soon as that term is past the woman may marry another man, and the husband also may then marry whom he pleases.’

Venetianaren Marco Polos Resor i det XIII. århundraded Översättning samt inledning och anmärkningar av Bengt Thordeman.

11.—Venetianaren Marco Polos Resor i det XIII. århundraded Översättning samt inledning och anmärkningar av Bengt Thordeman.—Stockholm: Albert Bonniers Förlag, n. d. [1917], 2 vol. 8vo, pp. xx–248, 249 to 490, genealogical table of the Tartars, Map. Pages 345–480 are devoted to notes.

Ruins of Desert Cathay

At Sarhad, Afghan Wakhan, Stein, Ruins of Desert Cathay, I., p. 69, writes: “There was little about the low grey houses, or rather hovels, of mud and rubble to indicate the importance which from early times must have attached to Sarhad as the highest place of permanent occupation on the direct route leading from the Oxus to the Tarim Basin. Here was the last point where caravans coming from the Bactrian side with the products of the Far West and of India could provision themselves for crossing that high tract of wilderness ‘called Pamier’ of which old Marco Polo rightly tells us: ‘You ride across it...’ And as I looked south towards the snow-covered saddle of the Baroghil, the route I had followed myself, it was equally easy to realize why Kao Hsien-chih’s strategy had, after the successful crossing of the Pamirs, made the three columns of his Chinese Army concentrate upon the stronghold of Lien-yün, opposite the present Sarhad. Here was the base from which Yasin could be invaded and the Tibetans ousted from their hold upon the straight route to the Indus.”

Serindia

In Chap. III., pp. 64–66, of his Serindia, Sir Aurel Stein has the following on Marco Polo’s account of Wakhan:— “After Wu-k’ung’s narrative of his journey the Chinese sources of information about the Pāmīrs and the adjoining regions run dry for nearly a thousand years. But that the routes leading across them from Wakhān retained their importance also in Muhammedan times is attested by the greatest of mediæval travellers, Marco Polo. I have already, in Ancient Khotan [pp. 41 seq.], discussed the portion of his itinerary which deals with the journey across the Pāmīrs to ‘the kingdom of Cascar’ or Kāshgar, and it only remains here to note briefly what he tells us of the route by which he approached them from Badakhshan: ‘In leaving Badashan you ride twelve days between east and north-east, ascending a river that runs through land belonging to a brother of the Prince of Badashan, and containing a good many towns and villages and scattered habitations.”

Tarikh-i-Rashidi

We read in the Tarikh-i-Rashidi of Mirza Haidar (Notes by Ney Elias; translated by E. D. Ross, 1895), p. 135, that Sultán Said Khán, son of Mansur Khán, sent the writer in the year 934 (1528), “with Rashid Sultán, to Balur, which is a country of infidels [Káfiristán], between Badakhshan and Kashmir, where we conducted successfully a holy war [ghazát], and returned victorious, loaded with booty and covered with glory.”

Ancient Khotan

Sir Aurel Stein further remarks (Ancient Khotan, I., p. 183): “When Marco Polo visited Khotan on his way to China, between the years 1271 and 1275, the people of the oasis were flourishing, as the Venetian’s previously quoted account shows. His description of the territories further east, Pein, Cherchen, and Lop, which he passed through before crossing ‘the Great Desert’ to Sha-chou, leaves no doubt that the route from Khotan into Kan-su was in his time a regular caravan road.

Sand-buried Ruins of Khotan

… I published a tolerably complete digest of Lob Nor and Khoten early history … Stein has devoted a whole chapter of his Sand-buried Ruins of Khotan, Chap. XVI., pp. 256 seq. to Yotkan, the Site of the Ancient Capital. (Discussing the ancient capital Yotkhan discovered in 1891 by MM. de Rhins and Grenard.)

Ruins of Desert Cathay

OF THE CITY OF LOP. Stein remarks, Ruins of Desert Cathay, I., p. 343: “Broad geographical facts left no doubt for any one acquainted with local conditions that Marco Polo’s Lop, ‘a large town at the edge of the Desert’ where travellers repose before entering on the Desert …

Cathay

OF THE CITY OF CAMPICHU. XLIV., pp. 219 seq. “The Idolaters have many minsters and abbeys after their fashion. In these they have an enormous number of idols … The ambassadors of Shah Rukh to China (1419–1422) wrote: “In this city of Kamchau there is an idol temple five hundred cubits square …”

The Pulse of Asia

‘Keriya, the Pein of Marco Polo and Pimo of Hwen Tsiang, writes Huntington, is a pleasant district, with a population of about fifteen thousand souls.’ Huntington discusses (p. 387) the theory of Stein: “Stein identifies Pimo or Pein, with ancient Kenan, the site … now known as Uzun Tetti or Ulugh Mazar, north of Chira.”

Cathay

ichneumon) formerly found in this part of Asia as well as in Egypt where it was venerated. Cf. Cathay, II., p. 116. LII., p. 254.

Chou Shu

Instead of “his tent invariably facing south,” read “facing east” according to the Chou Shu. (Pelliot.) LII., p. 256 n. MARRIAGE.

Tsoh-mung-luh

I was in doubt whether it was originally common to the Chinese and Tartars until I lately came across the following passage in Tsoh-mung-luh (Brit. Mus. copy, 15297, a 1, fol. 11–12), which would seem to decide the question—‘In the North there is this custom. When a youth and a girl of marriageable ages die before marriage, their families appoint a match‐maker to negotiate their nuptials, whom they call “Kwei-mei” (i.e. “Match-Maker of Ghosts”). Either family hands over to another a paper noticing all pre‐requisites concerning the affair; and by names of the parents of the intended couple asks a man to pray and divine; and if the presage tells that the union is a lucky one, clothes and ornaments are made for the deceased pair. Now the match‐maker goes to the burying‐ground of the bridegroom, and, offering wine and fruits, requests the pair to marry. There two seats are prepared on adjoining positions, either of which having behind it a small banner more than a foot long. Before the ceremony is consecrated by libation, the two banners remain hanging perpendicularly and still; but when the libation is sprinkled and the deceased couple are requested to marry, the banners commence to gradually approach till they touch one another, which shows that they are both glad of the wedlock. However, when one of them dislikes another, it would happen that the banner representing the unwilling party does not move to approach the other banner. In case the couple should die too young to understand the matter, a dead man is appointed as a tutor to the male defunct, and some effigies are made to serve as the instructress and maids to the female defunct. After the consummation of the marriage the new consorts appear in dreams to their respective parents-in-law. Should this custom be discarded, the unhappy defuncts might do mischief to their negligent relatives.... On every occasion of these nuptials both families give some presents to the match-maker (“Kwei-mei”), whose sole business is annually to inspect the newly-deceased couples around his village, and to arrange their weddings to earn his livelihood.’

Hist. of Genghizcan

According to a Persian writer, after whom Pétis de la Croix writes, this custom was adopted by Jenghiz Kân as a means to preserve amity amongst his subjects, it forming the subject of Article XIX. of his Yasa promulgated in 1205 A.D. The same writer adds: ‘This custom is still in use amongst the Tartars at this day, but superstition has added more circumstances to it: they throw the contract of marriage into the fire after having drawn some figures on it to represent the persons pretended to be so marry’d, and some forms of beasts; and are persuaded that all this is carried by the smoke to their children, who thereupon marry in the other world’ (Pétis de la Croix, Hist. of Genghizcan, trans. by P. Aubin, Lond., 1722, p. 86).

Yuan Shi

In the Yuan Shi, XX. 7, and other Chinese Texts of the Mongol period, is to be found confirmation of the fact, “He is slaughtered like a sheep,” i.e. the belly cut open lengthwise. (Pelliot.)

Yasa

According to a Persian writer, this custom was adopted by Jenghiz Kân as a means to preserve amity amongst his subjects, it forming the subject of Article XIX. of his Yasa promulgated in 1205 A.D. The same writer adds: ‘This custom is still in use amongst the Tartars at this day, but superstition has added more circumstances to it…’

Kitabu’ l-Bazyarah

THE CHEETA, OR HUNTING LEOPARD. Cf. Chapters on Hunting Dogs and Cheetas, being an extract from the “Kitabu’ l-Bazyarah,” a treatise on Falconry, by Ibn Kustrajim, an Arab writer of the Tenth Century.

Chi p’u

The Chi p’u, a treatise on paper, written by Su I-kien toward the close of the tenth century, enumerates among the various sorts of paper manufactured during his lifetime paper from the bark of the mulberry tree (sang p’i) made by the people of the north.[3]

Industries anciennes et modernes de l’Empire chinois

[1] Industries anciennes et modernes de l’Empire chinois. Paris, 1869, pp. 145, 149.

Résumé des principaux Traités chinois sur la culture des mûriers et l’éducation des vers à soie

[2] Résumé des principaux Traités chinois sur la culture des mûriers et l’éducation des vers à soie, Paris, 1837, p. 98.

Ko chi king yüan

[3] Ko chi king yüan, Ch. 37, p. 6.

Relations des Musulmans avec les Chinois

[4] Relations des Musulmans avec les Chinois (Centenaire de l’Ecole des Langues Orientales vivantes, Paris, 1895, p. 17).

Ming Shi

[6] Ming Shi, Ch. 81, p. 1.—The same text is found on a bill issued in 1375 reproduced and translated by W. Vissering (On Chinese Currency, see plate at end of volume), the minister of finance being expressly ordered to use the fibres of the mulberry tree in the composition of these bills.

Mémoires relatifs à l’Asie

[7] Mémoires relatifs à l’Asie, Vol. I., p. 387.

Notes on Chinese Literature

[8] A. Wylie, Notes on Chinese Literature, p. 64, The copy used by me (in the John Crerar Library of Chicago) is an old manuscript clearly written in 4 vols. and chapters, illustrated by nine ink‐sketches of types of Mohammedans and a map. The volumes are not paged.

Ancient Khotan

[9] Ancient Khotan, Vol. I., p. 134.

Mikroskopische Untersuchung alter ostturkestanischer Papiere

[10] Mikroskopische Untersuchung alter ostturkestanischer Papiere, p. 9 (Vienna, 1902).

Pie hia chai ts’ung shu

[11] Ch. B., p. 10b (ed. of Pie hia chai ts’ung shu).

Grundriss iran. Phil.

[12] Horn, Grundriss iran. Phil., Vol. I., pt. 2, p. 6.

Sino-Iranica

For a detailed history of grape-wine in China, see Laufer’s Sino-Iranica. XXXVII., p. 16.

Chancellerie chinoise de l’époque mongole, II.

Chavannes (Chancellerie chinoise de l’époque mongole, II., pp. 66–68, 1908) has a long note on vine and grape wine-making in China, from Chinese sources.

T’ao mu tse

Ts’ao mu tse, written in 1378 par Ye Tse-k’i, contains the following information: ‘Under the Yüan Dynasty grape-wine was manufactured in Ki-ning and other circuits of Shan Si Province...

Up the Yangtsze

but about a fortnight later he died at a place called Tiao-yü Shan, apparently near the Tiao-yü Ch’êng of my map (p. 175 of Up the Yangtsze, 1881), where I was myself in the year 1881.

Cathay and the Way thither

Cf. Notes, pp. 105–113 of Vol. I. of the second edition of Cathay and the Way thither.

The Nestorian Monument

In 1907, a Danish gentleman, Mr. Frits V. Holm, took a photograph of the tablet as it stood outside the west gate of Si-ngan, south of the road to Kan Su; it was removed without the stone pedestal into the city, and (Frits V. Holm, The Nestorian Monument, Chicago, 1900).

Buddhist Texts from Japan

Cf. Kumudana, given by the Sanskrit-Chinese vocabulary found in Japan (Max Müller, Buddhist Texts from Japan, in Anecdota Oxoniensia, Aryan Series, t. I., part I., p. 9)...

Recherches sur le commerce, la fabrication et l’usage des étoffes de soie, d’or et d’argent.... II.

Sorti des manufactures d’Espagne ou importé dans le royaume, à partir de 1442, date d’une ordonnance royale publiée par le P. Saez, le bougran le plus fin payait soixante-dix maravédis de droits... (Francisque-Michel, Recherches sur le commerce, la fabrication et l’usage des étoffes de soie, d’or et d’argent.... II., 1854, pp. 33–4).

Epigraphie

King chao was called Ngan-si fu in 1277. (Devéria, Epigraphie, p. 9.)

Chinese Reader’s Manual

An account of Wu Kiai is given in Mayers’ Chinese Reader’s Manual.

Biog. Dict.

cf. Mayers, No. 865, p. 259, and Giles, Biog. Dict., No. 2324, p. 880.

De la “Covada” en España

De la “Covada” en España. Por el Prof. Dr. Telesforo de Aranzadi, Barcelona (Anthropos, T. V., fasc. 4, Juli–August, 1910, pp. 775–8).

Upper Burma Gazetteer

Mr. E. H. Parker, quoted by Sir G. Scott in the Upper Burma Gazetteer, states: ‘During the reign of the Mongol Emperor Kúblái a General was sent to punish Annam and passed through this territory or parts of it called Meng tu and Meng pang,’ and secured its submission.

L’Empire Khmèr

M. Georges Maspero, L’Empire Khmèr, p. 77 n., thinks that Canxigu = Luang Prabang; I read Caugigu and I believe it is a transcription of Kiao-Chi Kwé, see p. 131.

The Beverages of the Chinese

J. Dudgeon (The Beverages of the Chinese, p. 27) misreading it Ha-so-hwo, took it for the designation of a sort of wine.

Chinese Materia Medica

Stuart (Chinese Materia Medica, p. 459) mistakes it for a transliteration of “hollands,” or may be “alcohol.”

Pen ts’ao kang mu

[1] Pen ts’ao kang mu, Ch. 25, p. 14b.

Chau Ju-kua

Hirth and Rockhill (Chau Ju-kua, p. 46 n.) write: ‘Kiáu chi’ is certainly the original of Marco Polo’s Caugigu and of Rashid-eddin’s Kafchi kué.

Ain-i-Akbari

LAWÁKI. Lawáki comes from Lovek, a former capital of Cambodia; referring to the aloes-wood called Lawáki in the Ain-i-Akbari written in the 16th century, Ferrand, Textes, I., p. 285 n., remarks: “On vient de voir que Ibn-al-Bayṭār a emprunté ce nom à Avicenne (980–1037) qui écrivit son Canon de la Médecine dans les premières années du XIe siècle. Lawāḳ ou Lowāḳ nous est donc attesté sous la forme Lawāḳi ou Lowāḳī dès le Xe siècle, puis qu’il est mentionné, au début du XIe, par Avicenne qui résidait alors à Djurdjān, sur la Caspienne.”

Nāgarakrêtāgama

OF THE ISLAND CALLED PENTAM, AND THE CITY MALAIUR. The late Col. G. E. Gerini published in the J. R. A. S., July, 1905, pp. 485–511, a paper on the Nāgarakretāgama, a Javanese poem composed by a native bard named Prapañca, in honour of his sovereign Hayam Wuruk (1350–1389), the greatest ruler of Mājapāhit. He upsets all the theories accepted hitherto regarding Panten.

Contes populaires de Lorraine

BARLAAM AND JOSAPHAT. … See La “Vie des Saints Barlaam et Josaphat” et la légende du Bouddha, in Vol. I., pp. xxxxvii–lvi, of Contes populaires de Lorraine par Emmanuel Cosquin, Paris, Vieweg, n.d. [1886].

Die Thomas Legende

In a recent and learned work (Die Thomas Legende, 1912, 8vo.) Father J. Dahlmann has tried to prove that the story of the travels of St. Thomas in India has an historical basis.

The Doctrine of the Apostles

According to the Syriac work entitled The Doctrine of the Apostles, which was written in perhaps the second century A.D., St. Thomas evangelized ‘India.’

Acts of St. Thomas

A fuller tradition is found in the Acts of St. Thomas, which exist in Syriac, Greek, Latin, Armenian, Ethiopic, and Arabic, and in a fragmentary form in Coptic.

Notes on the Malay Archipelago

In 1017, an embassy was sent to the Court of China by Haji Sumutrabhūmi, “the king of the land of Sumutra” (Sumatra). The envoys had a letter in golden characters and tribute in the shape of pearls, ivory, Sanscrit, books folded between boards, and slaves; by an imperial edict they were permitted to see the emperor and to visit some of the imperial buildings. (Groeneveldt, Notes on the Malay Archipelago, p. 65.)

Tao yi chi lio

We read in the Tao yi chi lio (1349) that “T’u t’a (the eastern stupa) is to be found in the flat land of Pa-tan (Fattan, Negapatam?) and that it is surrounded with stones. There is a stupa of earth and brick many feet high; it bears the following Chinese inscription: ‘The work was finished in the eighth moon of the third year hien chw’en (1267).’”

Indian Antiquary

CALAMINA. On this city of the martyrdom of St. Thomas, see Indian Antiquary, XXXII., pp. 148 seq. in Mr. Philipps’ paper, and XXXIII., Jan., 1904, pp. 31–2, a note signed W. R. P. XIX., p. 361.

Nan p’i (in Malabar)

In Nan p’i (in Malabar) Chau Ju-kwa has (p. 88): “The native products include pearls, foreign cotton-stuff of all colours (i.e. coloured chintzes) and tou-lo mién (cotton-cloth).”

Journal of the North-China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Soc.

THE CITY OF CAIL. Prof. E. H. Parker writes in the Journal of the North-China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Soc., XXXVII., 1906, p. 196: “Yule’s identification of Kayal with the Kolkhoi of Ptolemy is supported by the Sung History, which calls it both Ko-ku-lo and Ku-lo; it was known at the beginning of the tenth century and was visited by several Chinese priests. In 1411 the Ming Dynasty actually called it Ka-i-lêh and mention a chief or king there named Ko-pu-che-ma.”

Flora cochinchinensis

Su-fang su-pwaṅ, to be restored to ’supang or ’spang, ’sbang; Caesalpinia sappan, furnishing the sappan wood, is first described as a product of Kiu-chen (Tong King) in the Nan fang ts’ao mi chuang, written by Ki Han at the end of the third or beginning of the fourth century. J. de Loureiro (Flora cochinchinensis, p. 321) observes in regard to this tree, ‘Habitat in altis montibus Cochinchinæ: indeque a mercatoribus sinensibus abunde exportatur.’

Dict. čam-français

The Chinese transcription is surely based on a native term then current in Indo‐China, and agrees very well with Khmer sbaṅ (or sbang): see Aymonier et Cabaton, Dict. čam-français, 510, who give further Čam hapaṅ, Batak sopȧn, Makassar sappaṅ, and Malay sepaṅ.

Si Yang Chao kung tien lu (1520 A.D.)

In the Si Yang Chao kung tien lu (1520 A.D.), we have a similar description: “Its front legs are nine feet long, its hind legs six feet. Its hoofs have three clefts, it has a flat mouth. Two short fleshy horns rise from the back of the top of its head. It has a cow’s tail and a deer’s body. This animal is called K’i lin; it eats grain of any kind.”

Ying yai shêng lan

ADEN. In the Ying yai shêng lan we read that “the kingdom (of A-tan) is on the sea‐coast. It is rich and prosperous, the people follow the doctrine of the Moslems and their speech is Arabic. Their tempers are overbearing and violent. They have seven to eight thousand well-trained soldiers, horse and foot, whom the neighbouring countries fear.” (W. W. Rockhill, T’oung Pao, XVI., 1915, p. 607.)

Pen ts’ao kang mu

Dr. Bretschneider in his Notes on Chinese Mediæval Travellers to the West (1875), p. 87, n. 132, has a long note with a figure from the Pen ts’ao kang mu on the “camel‐bird”.

Die Länder des Islam

Cf. F. Hirth, Die Länder des Islam, Supp. Vol. V. of T’oung Pao, 1894, p. 54.

Actes XIIe Cong. Int. Orient.

Tsuboi Kumazo, Actes XIIe Cong. Int. Orient., Rome, 1899, II., p. 120.

His Pilgrimes

Speaking of Scotra, Marco (II., p. 406) says: “The ambergris comes from the stomach of the whale, and as it is a great object of trade...”. See Purchas, His Pilgrimes, IX., 254.

Chu-fan-chï

THE RUKH. The Chinese traveller Chau Ju-kwa in his work Chu-fan-chï on the Chinese and Arab trade in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, speaking of the country of Pi p’a lo (Berbera Coast), says: “There is also (in this country) a wild animal called tsu-la; it resembles a camel in shape, an ox in size, and is of a yellow colour. Its fore legs are five feet long, its hind legs only three feet. Its head is high up and turned upwards. Its skin is an inch thick.”

Yuen Shi

In the Yuen Shi, ch. 94, fol. 11 ro, the “three barbarian kingdoms of Ma-pa-eul (Ma’abar), Pei-nan (corr. Kiu-nam, Coilam) and Fan-ta-la-yi-na” are mentioned.

T’ang shu

In the T’ang shu, 221, 7a, it is said that this bird is commonly called ‘camel-bird.’

Hou Han Shu

See Hou Han Shu, 88, and Hirth, China and Roman Orient, 39.

Weï shu

In the Weï shu, 102, 12b, no name is given them, they are simply ‘big birds which resemble a camel, which feed on herbs and flesh and are able to eat fire.’

Yule’s Marco Polo (Japanese piratical edition of the second edition).

12.—There is a Japanese piratical edition of the second edition of Yule’s Marco Polo brought out by the firm Kyoyekishosha in 1900 and costing 8 yen. Cf. Bulletin Ecole franç. Ext. Orient, IV, p. 769, note.

Tao i chi lio

ZANGHIBAR. We read in the Tao i chi lio: “This country [Ts’eng yao lo] is to the south-west of the Ta Shih (Arabs). There are no trees on the coast; most of the land is saline. The arable ground is poor, so there is but little grain of any kind, and they mostly raise yams to take its place. “If any ship going there to trade carries rice as cargo, it makes very large profits. “The climate is irregular. In their usages they have the rectitude of olden times. “Men and women twist up their hair; they wear a short seamless shirt. The occupation of the people is netting birds and beasts for food. “They boil sea-water to make salt and ferment the juice of the sugar-cane to make spirits. They have a ruler. “The native products comprise red sandal-wood, dark red sugar-cane, elephants’ tusks, ambergris, native gold, ya tsui tan-fan, lit., ‘duck-bill sulphate of copper.’ “The goods used in trading are ivory boxes, trade silver, coloured satins, and the like.” (Rockhill, T’oung Pao, XVI., 1915, pp. 622–3.)

Mediæval Researches, II.

Finally, in the biography of Bo yen, chap. CXXXVIII., he is stated to have been appointed in 1334 commander of the emperor’s life-guard, composed of Mongols, Kipchaks, and Russians. (E. Bretschneider, Mediæval Researches, II., pp. 79–81.)

Guido de Colonna’s Destruction of Troy

1. Guido de Colonna’s Destruction of Troy.

Julius Valerius’ History of Alexander the Great

2. Julius Valerius’ History of Alexander the Great.

Archbishop Turpin’s Itinerary

3. Archbishop Turpin’s Itinerary.

Frater Odoricus Forojuliensis

5. Frater Odoricus Forojuliensis.

Iohannis Mandeville, De Mirabilibus

6. Iohannis Mandeville, De Mirabilibus.

Odoric

2. Odoric.

Storia del Catay in lingua spagnuola

MS., 2048 cartac. sec. XV. (?) bearing the following faulty title: Storia del Catay in lingua spagnuola; 66 leaves, the last of which with a note by Piero Vaglienti.

A Catalogue of the Manuscripts in the Library of the Hunterian Museum in the University of Glasgow

[2] Pages 89, 90 of A Catalogue of the Manuscripts in the Library of the Hunterian Museum in the University of Glasgow planned and begun by the late John Young ... continued and completed under the direction of the Young Memorial Committee by P. Henderson Aitken.... Glasgow, James Maclehose and Sons, 1908, gr. in–4.

Young’s Catalogue

[3] Cf. Young’s Catalogue, p. 378.

Die Reisen des Venezianers Marco Polo im 13. Jahrhundert Bearbeitet und herausgegeben von Dr. Hans Lemke Mit einem Bilde Marco Polos. Hamburg, Ernst Schultze, 1908, 8vo, pp. 573. Bibliothek wertvoller Memoiren. Lebensdokumente hervorragender Menschen aller Zeiten und Völker Herausgegeben von Dr. Ernst Schultze. 1 Band. Revised edition of Bürck’s translation of Ramusio’s Italian text published in 1845

1.—Die Reisen des Venezianers Marco Polo im 13. Jahrhundert Bearbeitet und herausgegeben von Dr. Hans Lemke Mit einem Bilde Marco Polos. Hamburg, Ernst Schultze, 1908, 8vo, pp. 573. Bibliothek wertvoller Memoiren. Lebensdokumente hervorragender Menschen aller Zeiten und Völker Herausgegeben von Dr. Ernst Schultze. 1 Band. Revised edition of Bürck’s translation of Ramusio’s Italian text published in 1845.

Marco Polo: Abenteuerliche Fahrten. Neu herausgegeben von Dr. Otto St. Brandt. Mit 3 Spezialkarten. Druck und Verlag von August Scherl in Berlin, small 8vo, pp. 319. Notices: Mitt. K. K. Geogr. Ges. Wien, Bd. LVI., 1913, pp. 258–259. Von E. G.—Geog. Zeitschft. Leipzig, XIX., 1913, pp. 531. By K. Kretschmer.

2.—*Marco Polo: Abenteuerliche Fahrten. Neu herausgegeben von Dr. Otto St. Brandt. Mit 3 Spezialkarten. Druck und Verlag von August Scherl in Berlin, small 8vo, pp. 319. Notices: Mitt. K. K. Geogr. Ges. Wien, Bd. LVI., 1913, pp. 258–259. Von E. G.—Geog. Zeitschft. Leipzig, XIX., 1913, pp. 531. By K. Kretschmer.

Marco Polo Il Milione secondo il testo della “Crusca” reintegrato con gli altri codici italiani a cura di Dante Olivieri. Bari, Gius. Laterza & figli, 1912, in–8, 2 ff. n. ch. + pp. 317. Scrittori d’Italia.

3.—Marco Polo Il Milione secondo il testo della “Crusca” reintegrato con gli altri codici italiani a cura di Dante Olivieri. Bari, Gius. Laterza & figli, 1912, in–8, 2 ff. n. ch. + pp. 317. Scrittori d’Italia.

Cosmographia breue introductoria en el libro d’ Marco Polo. Seville, 1518.

4.—Cosmographia breue introductoria en el libro d’ Marco Polo. Seville, 1518.—See II., p. 566. The bookseller Karl W. Hiersemann, of Leipzig, has in his catalogue America, no. 336, in 1907, no. 2323, quoted M.11.000 a copy of the Cosmographia with the colophon: Elq̄l se emprimio por Juan varela | d’salamāca en la muy noble y muy | leal ciudad de Seuilla. Año de | mill y qonientos y diez y ocho | año a. XVI. dias de mayo.—Fol., 4 ff. not numbered + ff. 31 numbered on 2 columns.

The Book of Ser Marco Polo ... Third Edition.

5.—Yule—Cordier.—The Book of Ser Marco Polo ... Third Edition.... London, John Murray, 1903, 2 vols., 8vo. Notices: Glasgow Herald, 11 June, 1903.—Scotsman, 11 June, 1903.—Outlook, 13 June, 1903.—Morning Post, 18 June, 1903.—Bulletin Comité Asie française, Juin, 1903.—Standard, 17 June, 1903.—Daily Chronicle, 20 June, 1903.—Manchester Guardian, 23 June, 1903.—Pall Mall Gazette, 15 July, 1903.—Bombay Gazette, 11 July, 1903.—The Spectator, 15 Aug., 1903.—The Guardian (by C. Raymond Beazley), 2 Sept., 1903.—Times (by H. J. Mackinder), 2 Oct., 1903.—Blackwood’s Mag. (by Charles Whibley), Oct., 1903.—Illustrated Evening News, Chicago, 26 Sept., 1903.—The Sun, New York, 4 Oct., 1903 (by M. W. H.).—Hongkong Daily Press, 10 and 11 Sept., 1903.—The Athenæum, 17 Oct., 1903.—Outlook, 14 Nov., 1903.—Some new Facts about Marco Polo’s Book, by E. H. Parker (Imp. & Asiat. Quart. Review, Jan., 1904, pp. 125–149).—Saturday Review, 27 Feb., 1904.—T’oung Pao, Oct., 1903, pp. 357–366, from The Athenæum.—Geographical Journal, March, 1904, pp. 379–380, by C. R. B.[eazley].—Bul. Ecole franç. Ext. Orient, IV, Juillet–Sept., 1904, pp. 768–772, by Paul Pelliot.—Marco Polo and his Followers in Central Asia, by Archibald R. Colquhoun (Quarterly Review, April, 1904, pp. 553–575).

The most noble and famous Travels of Marco Polo one of the Nobility of the State of Venice, into the east Parts of the World, as Armenia, Persia, Arabia, Tartary, with many other Kingdoms and Provinces. The translation of Marsden revised by Thomas Wright, F.S.A.

6.—The most noble and famous Travels of Marco Polo one of the Nobility of the State of Venice, into the east Parts of the World, as Armenia, Persia, Arabia, Tartary, with many other Kingdoms and Provinces. The translation of Marsden revised by Thomas Wright, F.S.A.—London: George Newnes; New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1904, 16mo, pp. xxxix–461, Portrait and maps.

Voyages and Travels of Marco Polo, With an Introduction by Henry Morley.

7.—Voyages and Travels of Marco Polo, With an Introduction by Henry Morley. Cassell and Company, London, Paris, New York and Melbourne, MCMIV, 16mo, pp. 192, front.

Everyman’s Library, edited by Ernest Rhys—Travel and Topography—Marco Polo’s Travels with an Introduction by John Masefield. The Travels of Marco Polo the Venetian.

8.—Everyman’s Library, edited by Ernest Rhys—Travel and Topography—Marco Polo’s Travels with an Introduction by John Masefield. The Travels of Marco Polo the Venetian. London: Published by J. M. Dent & Co., and in New York by E. P. Dutton & Co., 16mo, pp. xvi–461, n. d. [1907].

Путешествія Венеціанца Марко Поло въ XIII столѣтіи, напечатанныя въ первый разъ вполнѣ на нѣмецкомъ по лучшимъ изданіямъ и съ объясненіями Авг. Бюркомъ. Съ дополненіями и поправками К. Ф. Нейманна. Переводъ съ нѣмецкаго. Москва, 1863.

9.—*Шемякинъ, А. Н.—Путешествія Венеціанца Марко Поло въ XIII столѣтіи, напечатанныя въ первый разъ вполнѣ на нѣмецкомъ по лучшимъ изданіямъ и съ объясненіями Авг. Бюркомъ. Съ дополненіями и поправками К. Ф. Нейманна. Переводъ съ нѣмецкаго. Москва, 1863. Had been published in Чтеніяхъ въ Имп. Общ. Истопіи и Древностей Россійскихъ при Моск. Университетѣ. Mentioned by Barthold in Minaev’s Marco Polo.

Marco Polo’s Resa i Asien ([Folkskrifter] allm. hist. No. 32) Stockholm, 1859, P. G. Berg.

10.—*Marco Polo’s Resa i Asien ([Folkskrifter] allm. hist. No. 32) Stockholm, 1859, P. G. Berg.

Histoire des Établissements européens aux Indes orientales

13.—Histoire des Établissements européens aux Indes orientales par A. Chardin, suivie d’un extrait de l’article sur Marco Polo, de M. Walkenaer, Membre de l’Institut; d’un extrait de la vie de Jonh [sic] Mandeville, par Washington Irving; et d’une notice sur le Camoens, par Mme de Stael.—Paris, Rue et Place Saint-André des Arts, no. 30—1832, 12mo, pp. 104. Marco Polo, p. 87.—John Mandeville, p. 94. Marco Polo, after la Biographie universelle; Mandeville, after l’Histoire de Christophe Colomb, de W. Irving. Fait partie de la Bibliothèque populaire...

The Dry Sea and the Carrenare—John Livingstone Lowes.

14.—The Dry Sea and the Carrenare—John Livingstone Lowes. Printed at the University of Chicago Press, 8vo, pp. 46. Reprinted from Modern Philology, Vol. III., No. 1, June, 1905.

The Dawn of Modern Geography. Vol. III. A History of Exploration and Geographical Science from the Middle of the Thirteenth to the early Years of the Fifteenth Century (c. A.D. 1260–1420). With reproductions of the Principal Maps of the Time. Chap. II. The Great Asiatic Travellers, 1260–1420. Part I. The Polos, 1260–1295, pp. 15–160.

17.—C. Raymond Beazley.—The Dawn of Modern Geography. Vol. III. A History of Exploration and Geographical Science from the Middle of the Thirteenth to the early Years of the Fifteenth Century (c. A.D. 1260–1420). With reproductions of the Principal Maps of the Time. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1906, 8vo, pp. xvi–638. Chap. II. The Great Asiatic Travellers, 1260–1420. Part I. The Polos, 1260–1295, pp. 15–160.

L’Extrême Orient dans la Littérature et la Cartographie de l’Occident des XIIIe, XIVe et XVe siècles—Étude sur l’histoire de la géographie.

18.—Hallberg, Ivar.—L’Extrême Orient dans la Littérature et la Cartographie de l’Occident des XIIIe, XIVe et XVe siècles—Étude sur l’histoire de la géographie.—Göteborg, 1906, 8vo, pp. viii–573.

Persia Past and Present. A Book of Travel and Research with more than two hundred illustrations and a map

19.—Persia Past and Present. A Book of Travel and Research with more than two hundred illustrations and a map by A. V. Williams Jackson, Professor of Indo-Iranian Languages, and sometime adjunct Professor of the English Language and Literature in Columbia University. New York, The Macmillan Co., 1906, 8vo, pp. xxxi–471.

The Pulse of Asia: A Journey in Central Asia illustrating the Geographic Basis of History

21.—The Pulse of Asia: A Journey in Central Asia illustrating the Geographic Basis of History, by Ellsworth Huntington. Illustrated. Boston and New York, Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1907, 8vo, pp. xxi–415.

In the Footsteps of Marco Polo, Being the Account of a Journey Overland from Simla to Pekin.

22.—Bruce, Major Clarence Dalrymple.—In the Footsteps of Marco Polo, Being the Account of a Journey Overland from Simla to Pekin. W. Blackwood, Edinburgh and London, 1907, 8vo, pp. xiv–379, ill., map.

Overland to India, with 308 Illustrations from Photographs, Water-colour Sketches, and Drawings by the Author, and 2 Maps.

24.—Sven Hedin.—Overland to India, with 308 Illustrations from Photographs, Water-colour Sketches, and Drawings by the Author, and 2 Maps. Macmillan and Co., London, 1910, 2 vols., 8vo, pp. xix–416, xiv–357.

Chau Ju-kua: His Work on the Chinese and Arab Trade in the twelfth and thirteenth Centuries, entitled Chu-fan-chï, Translated from the Chinese and Annotated.

26.—Hirth, Friedrich, and Rockhill, W. W.—Chau Ju-kua: His Work on the Chinese and Arab Trade in the twelfth and thirteenth Centuries, entitled Chu-fan-chï, Translated from the Chinese and Annotated. St. Petersburg, Printing Office of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, 1912, large 8vo, pp. x–288. Mr. Rockhill has edited the Chinese Text of Chau Ju-kua at Tokyo, in 1914.

Relations des voyages et textes géographiques arabes, persans et turks relatifs à l’Extrême-Orient du VIIIe au XVIIIe siècles, traduits, revus et annotés.

29.—Ferrand, Gabriel.—Relations des voyages et textes géographiques arabes, persans et turks relatifs à l’Extrême-Orient du VIIIe au XVIIIe siècles, traduits, revus et annotés. Paris, Ernest Leroux, 1913–1914, 2 vols. 8vo. Documents historiques et géographiques relatifs à l’Indo-chine publiés sous la direction de MM. Henri Cordier et Louis Finot. —— La plus ancienne mention du nom de l’île de Sumatra. Ext. du Journal Asiatique (Mars–Avril, 1917). Paris, Imp. Nat., 1917, 8vo, pp. 7. —— Malaka le Malāyu et Malāyur. Ext. du Journal Asiatique (Mai–Juin et Juillet–Août, 1918). Paris, Imp. Nat., 1918, 8vo, pp. 202. —— Le nom de la girafe dans le Ying Yai Cheng Lan. Ext. du Journal Asiatique (Juillet–Août, 1918). Paris, Imp. Nat., 1918, 8vo, pp. 4.

Cathay and the Way Thither being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China. New Edition.

30.—Yule—Cordier.—Cathay and the Way Thither being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China. New Edition. Vol. I. Preliminary Essay on the Intercourse between China and the Western Nations previous to the Discovery of the Cape Route. London, Hakluyt Society, 1915.—Vol. II. Odoric of Pordenone.—Ibid., 1913.—Vol. III. Missionary Friars—Rashíduddín—Pegolotti—Marignolli.—Ibid., 1914.—Vol. IV., Ibn Batuta.—Benedict Goës.—Index. Ibid., 1916; 4 vols., 8vo.

Marco Polo Voyageur.

33.—Charles V. Langlois.—Marco Polo Voyageur. (Histoire littéraire de la France, XXXV.)

Le Christianisme en Chine et en Asie sous les Mongols.

34.—Cordier, Henri.—Le Christianisme en Chine et en Asie sous les Mongols. (Ext. du T’oung Pao, 2e Sér., XVIII., 1917). Leide, E. J. Brill, 1918, 8vo, pp. 67. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTE. XII., pp. 307 seq.

Indirect References

History of the Han Dynasty

In the Description of Western regions, forming part of the History of the Han Dynasty, it is stated that grapes are abundantly produced in the country of K’i-pin…

Cathay

…(Cathay, ccxi.; Ritter, IV. 516; D’Ohsson, II. 70; Williamson, I. 336.)

Ritter

…(Cathay, ccxi.; Ritter, IV. 516; D’Ohsson, II. 70; Williamson, I. 336.)

D’Ohsson

…(Cathay, ccxi.; Ritter, IV. 516; D’Ohsson, II. 70; Williamson, I. 336.)

Williamson

…(Cathay, ccxi.; Ritter, IV. 516; D’Ohsson, II. 70; Williamson, I. 336.)

Visdelou

See also Oppert (p. 157), who cites this story from Visdelou, but does not notice its analogy to Polo’s.

Sharífuddin’s history of Timur

…and we find it still known by this name in Sharífuddin’s history of Timur.

Odoric de Pordenone

It has already been remarked that Si‐fan, convertible with Man‐tzŭ, is a loose Chinese expression of no ethnological value, meaning nothing more than Western barbarians; but in a more restricted sense it is used to designate a people (or peoples) which inhabits the valley of the Yalung and the upper T’ung, with contiguous valleys and ranges, from about the twenty‐seventh parallel to the borders of Koko‐nor. (see my note in Odoric de Pordenone, p. 248 seqq.)

Odoric

Odoric does not mention Su‐chau, but he gives the same explanation of Kinsay as signifying the 'City of Heaven.

G. T.

…as it is written in the following chapter of the G. T.

Palladius

…and is substantially the same that Palladius tells of the Brahmans; how the men lived on one side of the Ganges and the women on the other.

Nicephorus Callistus

The ecclesiastical historian Nicephorus Callistus seems to allude to the people of Socotra, when he says that among the nations visited by the missionary Theophilus…

Florence copy (Pucci family)

…with a little modification, in another at Florence, belonging to the Pucci family.

Referenced By

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Places Referenced

Munich, Germany

"Munich 4 ... ... 4 ..."

Wolfenbüttel, Germany

"Wolfenbüttel 2 ... ... ... ..."

Berlin, Germany

"Berlin 1 ... ... 1 ..."

Würzburg, Germany

"Würzburg 1 ... ... ... ..."

Giessen, Germany

"Giessen 1 ... ... ... ..."

Jena, Germany

"Jena 1 ... ... ... ..."

Mentz, Germany

"Mentz 1 ... ... ... ..."

Prague, Czech Republic

"Prague 1 ... ... ... ..."

Vienna, Austria

"Vienna ... ... ... 1 ..."

Stockholm, Sweden

"Stockholm ... 2 ... ... ..."

Sis, Turkey

"Catholicos, of Sis, i. 42n"

Kerkuk, Iraq

"Shehrizor (Kerkuk), i. 62n"

Lake Van, Turkey

"Van Lake, i. 57n"

Vardoj River, Persia

"Vardoj River, i. 156n, 172n"

United States

"This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever."

Gallery of Monsignore Badia, Rome

"Copied by permission from a painting bearing the above inscription in the Gallery of Monsignore Badia in Rome."

Pisa, Italy

"by Marco Polo and Rustichello of Pisa"

Venice, Italy

"Marcvs Polvs Venetvs Totivs Orbis et Indie Peregrator Primus."

Cathay, China

"PART II. Journey to the West and South-West of Cathay. Chap. Page XXXV. —Here begins the Description of the Interior of Cathay; and first of the River Pulisanghin 3 Notes.—1. Marco’s Route. 2. The Bridge Pul-i-sangin, or Lu-ku-k’iao."

Chaozhou, Guangdong, China

"XXXVI. —Account of the City of Juju 10 Notes.—1. The Silks called Sendals. 2. Chochau. 3. Bifurcation of Two Great Roads at this point."

Taiyuan, Shanxi, China

"XXXVII. —The Kingdom of Taianfu 12 Notes.—1. Acbaluc. 2. T’ai-yuan fu. 3. Grape-wine of that place. 4. P’ing-yang fu."

Pingyang, China

"XXXVII. —The Kingdom of Taianfu 12 Notes.—1. Acbaluc. 2. T’ai-yuan fu. 3. Grape-wine of that place. 4. P’ing-yang fu."

Sichuan, China

"XLIII. —Concerning the Province of Acbalec Manzi 33 Notes.—1. Geography, and doubts about Acbalec. 2. Further Journey into Sze-ch’wan."

Chengdu, Sichuan, China

"XLIV. —Concerning the Province of Sindafu 36 Notes.—1. Ch’êng-tu fu. 2. The Great River or Kiang. 3. The word Comercque. 4. The Bridge-Tolls. 5. Correction of Text."

Yangtze River, China

"XLIV. —Concerning the Province of Sindafu 36 Notes.—2. The Great River or Kiang."

Tibet, China

"XLV. —Concerning the Province of Tebet 42 Notes.—1. The Part of Tibet and events referred to. 2. Noise of burning bamboos. 3. Road retains its desolate character. 4. Persistence of eccentric manners illustrated. 5. Name of the Musk animal."

Yunnan, China

"XLVIII. —Concerning the Province of Carajan 64 Notes.—1. Geography of the Route between Sindafu or Ch’êng-tu fu, and Carajan or Yun-nan. 2. Christians and Mahomedans in Yun-nan. 3. Wheat. 4. Cowries. 5. Brine-spring. 6. Parallel."

Bengal, India

"LI. —Wherein is related how the King of Mien and Bangala vowed vengeance against the Great Kaan 98 Notes.—2. Mien or Burma. Why the King may have been called King of Bengal also."

Yellow River, China

"LXIV. —Concerning the City of Siju, and the Great River Caramoran 141 Notes.—2. The Hwang-Ho and its changes. 3. Entrance to Manzi; that name for Southern China."

Zhangzhou, Fujian, China

"LXXIV. —Of the City of Chinginju and the Slaughter of certain Alans there 178 Notes.—1. Chang-chau. 2. Employment of Alans in the Mongol Service. 3. The Chang-chau Massacre. Mongol Cruelties."

Suzhou, Jiangsu, China

"LXXV. —Of the Noble City of Suju 181 Notes.—1. Su-chau. 2. Bridges of that part of China. 3. Rhubarb; its mention here seems erroneous. 4. The Cities of Heaven and Earth. Ancient incised Plan of Su-chau. 5. Hu-chau, Wu-kiang, and Kya-hing."

Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

"LXIX. —Concerning the City of Nanghin 157 Note.—Ngan-king."

Xi'an, Shaanxi, China

"LXX. —Concerning the very Noble City of Saianfu, and how its Capture was effected 158 Notes.—1. and 2. Various Readings. 3. Digression on the Military Engines of the Middle Ages. 4. Mangonels of Cœur de Lion. 5. Difficulties connected with Polo’s Account of this Siege."

Guangzhou, China

"LXXII. —Concerning the City of Caiju 174 Notes.—1. Kwa-chau. 2. The Grand Canal and Rice-Transport. 3. The Golden Island."

Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China

"LXVIII. —Of the Cities of Tiju, Tinju, and Yanju 153 Notes.—1. Cities between the Canal and the Sea. 2. Yang-chau. 3. Marco Polo’s Employment at this City."

Fuzhou, Fujian, China

"LXXX. —Concerning the Kingdom of Fuju 224 Notes.—1. “Fruit like Saffron.” 2. 3. Cannibalism ascribed to Mountain Tribes on this route. 4. Kien-ning fu. 5. Galingale. 6. Fleecy Fowls. 7. Details of the Journey in Fo-kien and various readings. 8. Unken. Introduction of Sugar-refining into China."

Quanzhou, Fujian, China

"LXXXII. —Of the City and Great Haven of Zayton 234 Notes.—1. The Camphor Laurel. 2. The Port of Zayton or T’swan-chau; Recent objections to this identity. Probable origin of the word Satin. 3. Chinese Consumption of Pepper. 4. Artists in Tattooing. 5. Position of the Porcelain manufacture spoken of."

Champa, Vietnam

"V. —Of the Great Country called Chamba 266 Notes.—1. Champa, and Kúblái’s dealings with it. 2. Chronology. 3. Eagle-wood and Ebony. Polo’s use of Persian words."

Java, Indonesia

"VI. —Concerning the Great Island of Java 272 Note.—Java; its supposed vast extent. Kúblái’s expedition against it and failure."

Pulo Condore, Vietnam

"VII. —Wherein the Isles of Sondur and Condur are spoken of; and the Kingdom of Locac 276 Notes.—2. Pulo Condore."

Locac, Thailand

"VII. —Wherein the Isles of Sondur and Condur are spoken of; and the Kingdom of Locac 276 Notes.—3. The Kingdom of Locac, Southern Siam."

Sumatra, Indonesia

"IX. —Concerning the Island of Java the Less. the Kingdoms of Ferlec and Basma 284 Notes.—1. The Island of Sumatra: application of the term Java."

Samara, Sumatra, Indonesia

"X. —The Kingdoms of Samara and Dagroian 292 Notes.—1. Samara, Sumatra Proper. 2. The Tramontaine and the Mestre. 3. The Malay Toddy-Palm."

Dagroian, Sumatra, Indonesia

"X. —The Kingdoms of Samara and Dagroian 292 Notes.—4. Dagroian."

Lambri, Sumatra, Indonesia

"XI. —Of the Kingdoms of Lambri and Fansur 299 Notes.—1. Lambri."

Fansur, Sumatra, Indonesia

"XI. —Of the Kingdoms of Lambri and Fansur 299 Notes.—3. Fansur and Camphor Fansuri. Sumatran Camphor. 4. The Sago-Palm."

Nicobar Islands, India

"XII. —Concerning the Island of Necuveran 306 Note.—Gauenispola, and the Nicobar Islands."

Andaman Islands, India

"XIII. —Concerning the Island of Angamanain 309 Note.—The Andaman Islands."

Seilan, Sri Lanka

"XIV. —Concerning the Island of Seilan 312 Notes.—1. Chinese Chart. 2. Exaggeration of Dimensions. The Name. 3. Sovereigns then ruling Ceylon. 4. Brazil Wood and Cinnamon. 5. The Great Ruby."

Adam's Peak, Sri Lanka

"XV. —The Same Continued. The History of Sagamoni Borcan and the beginning of Idolatry 316 Notes.—1. Adam’s Peak, and the Foot thereon."

Mylapore, Chennai, India

"XVIII. —Discoursing of the Place where lieth the Body of St. Thomas the Apostle; and of the Miracles thereof 353 Notes.—1. Mailapúr. 2. The word Avarian. 3. Miraculous Earth. 4. The Traditions of St. Thomas in India. The ancient Church at his Tomb; the ancient Cross preserved on St. Thomas’s Mount."

Chola, Tamil Nadu, India

"XX. —Concerning the Province of Lar whence the Brahmans come 363 Notes.—1. Abraiaman. The Country of Lar. Hindu Character. 2. The Kingdom of Soli or Chola."

Kollam, Kerala, India

"XXII. —Of the Kingdom of Coilum 375 Notes.—1. Coilum, Coilon, Kaulam, Columbum, Quilon. Ancient Christian Churches."

Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, India

"XXIII. —Of the Country called Comari 382 Notes.—1. Cape Comorin. 2. The word Gat-paul."

Malabar, Kerala, India

"XXV. —Concerning the Kingdom of Melibar 389 Notes.—1. Dislocation of Polo’s Indian Geography. The name of Malabar."

Gujarat, India

"XXVI. —Concerning the Kingdom of Gozurat 392 Notes.—1. Topographical Confusion. 2. Tamarina. 3. Tall Cotton Trees. 4. Embroidered Leather-work."

Cambay, Gujarat, India

"XXVIII. —Concerning the Kingdom of Cambaet 397 Note.—Cambay."

Somnath, Gujarat, India

"XXIX. —Concerning the Kingdom of Semenat 398 Note.—Somnath, and the so-called Gates of Somnath."

Malé, Maldives

"XXXI. —Discourseth of the Two Islands called Male and Female, and why they are so called 404 Note.—The Legend and its diffusion."

Socotra, Yemen

"XXXII. —Concerning the Island of Scotra 406 Notes.—1. Whales of the Indian Seas. 2. Socotra and its former Christianity. 3. Piracy at Socotra. 4. Sorcerers."

Madagascar, Africa

"XXXIII. —Concerning the Island of Madeigascar 411 Notes.—1. Madagascar; some confusion here with Magadoxo. 2. Sandalwood. 3. Whale-killing. The Capidoglio or Sperm-Whale. 4. The Currents towards the South. 5. The Rukh (and see Appendix L. 11). 6. More on the dimensions assigned thereto. 7. Hippopotamus Teeth."

Zanzibar, Tanzania

"XXXIV. —Concerning the Island of Zanghibar. A Word on India in General 422 Notes.—1. Zangibar; Negroes. 2. Ethiopian Sheep. 3. Giraffes. 4. Ivory trade. 5. Error about Elephant-taming. 6. Number of Islands assigned to the Indian Sea. 7. The Three Indies, and various distributions thereof. Polo’s Indian Geography."

Abyssinia, Ethiopia

"XXXV. —Treating of the Great Province of Abash, which is Middle India, and is on the Mainland 427 Notes.—1. Ḥabash or Abyssinia. Application of the name India to it. 2. Fire Baptism ascribed to the Abyssinian Christians. 3. Polo’s idea of the position of Aden. 4. Taming of the African Elephant for War. 5. Marco’s Story of the Abyssinian Invasion of the Mahomedan Low-Country, and Review of Abyssinian Chronology in connection therewith. 6. Textual."

Aden, Yemen

"XXXVI. —Concerning the Province of Aden 438 Notes.—1. The Trade to Alexandria from India viâ Aden. 2. “Roncins à deux selles.” 3. The Sultan of Aden. The City and its Great Tanks. 4. The Loss of Acre."

Shihr, Oman

"XXXVII. —Concerning the City of Esher 442 Notes.—1. Shihr. 2. Frankincense. 3. Four-horned Sheep. 4. Cattle fed on Fish. 5. Parallel passage."

Dhofar, Oman

"XXXVIII. —Concerning the City of Dufar 444 Notes.—1. Dhofar. 2. Notes on Frankincense."

Tana-Malayu, Malaysia

"XXVII. —Concerning the Kingdom of Tana 395 Notes.—1. Tana, and the Konkan. 2. Incense of Western India."

Maskat, Oman

"XXXIX. —Concerning the Gulf of Calatu, and the City so called 449 Notes.—1. Kalhát. 2. “En fra terre.” 3. Maskat."

Hormuz, Iran

"XL. —Returns to the City of Hormos 451 Notes.—1. Polo’s distances and bearings in these latter chapters. 2. Persian Bád-gírs or wind-catching chimneys. 3. Island of Kish."

Kish Island, Iran

"XL. —Returns to the City of Hormos 451 Notes.—3. Island of Kish."

Siberia, Russia

"XX. —Concerning King Conchi who rules the Far North 479 Notes.—1. Kaunchi Khan. 2. Siberia. 3. Dog-sledges. 4. The animal here styled Erculin. 5. Yugria."

Wallachia, Romania

"XXII. —Description of Rosia and its People. Province of Lac 486 Notes.—1. Old Accounts of Russia. Russian Silver and Rubles. 2. Lac, or Wallachia. 3. Oroech, Norway (?) or the Waraeg Country (?)"

Constantinople, Turkey

"XXIII. —He begins to speak of the Straits of Constantinople, but decides to leave that matter 490"

Crimea, Ukraine

"XXIV. —Concerning the Tartars of the Ponent and their Lords 490 Notes.—1. The Comanians; the Alans; Majar; Zic; the Goths of the Crimea; Gazaria. 2. The Khans of Kipchak or the Golden Horde; errors in Polo’s list. Extent of their Empire."

Acre, Israel

"The Polos at Acre."

Kashmir, India

"Sorcery in Kashmir."

Pamir Mountains, Central Asia

"Pamir. Number of Pamirs."

Beijing, China

"Site of Pein."

Monsignor Badia, Rome, Italy

"in the Gallery of Monsignor Badia at Rome; copied by Sign. Giuseppe Gnoli, Rome."

Genoa, Italy

"Medallion representing Marco Polo in the Prison of Genoa, dictating his story to Master Rustician of Pisa."

Si-ngan fu, China

"The celebrated Christian Inscription of Si-ngan fu."

Pagán, Burma

"Based upon sketches of the remains of the City so called by Marco Polo, viz., Pagán, the mediæval capital of Burma (City of Mien illustration)."

Su-chau, China

"The City of Su-chau. Reduced by the Editor from a Rubbing of a Plan incised on Marble, and preserved in the Great Confucian Temple in the City."

Che-kiang, China

"Itineraries of Marco Polo, No. VI. The Journey through Kiang-Nan, Che-kiang, and Fo-kien."

Fo-kien, China

"Itineraries of Marco Polo, No. VI. The Journey through Kiang-Nan, Che-kiang, and Fo-kien."

Malay Countries, Southeast Asia

"Map to illustrate Marco Polo’s Chapters on the Malay Countries."

Southern India, India

"Map to illustrate his Chapters on Southern India."

Kingdom of Ely, Malabar, India

"Map showing the Position of the Kingdom of Ely in Malabar."

Aden, Yemen

"Aden, with the attempted Escalade under Alboquerque in 1513."

Sze-ch’wan, China

"Mountaineers on the Borders of Sze-ch’wan and Tibet."

Tibet, China

"Mountaineers on the Borders of Sze-ch’wan and Tibet."

Eastern Tibet, Tibet, China

"Village of Eastern Tibet on Sze-ch’wan Frontier."

Yun-nan, China

"Road descending from the Table-Land of Yun-nan into the Valley of the Kin-sha Kiang and the mention of Salt Pans in Yun-nan."

Fu-chau, China

"Tooth Reliques of Buddha. 2. At Fu-chau, after Fortune."

Kandy, Sri Lanka

"Tooth Reliques of Buddha. 1. At Kandy, after Emerson Tennent."

Negapatam, Tamil Nadu, India

"‘Chinese Pagoda’ (so called) at Negapatam."

Tanjore, Tamil Nadu, India

"Pagoda at Tanjore. From Fergusson’s History of Architecture."

St. Thomas’s Mount, Madras, India

"Ancient Cross with Pehlvi Inscription, preserved in the church on St. Thomas’s Mount near Madras."

Little Mount of St. Thomas, Madras, India

"The Little Mount of St. Thomas, near Madras. After Daniel."

St. Thomas localities, Madras, India

"Small Map of the St. Thomas localities at Madras."

Parúr, Malabar Coast, India

"Ancient Christian Church at Parúr or Palúr, on the Malabar Coast."

Caranyachirra, Malabar Coast, India

"Syrian Church at Caranyachirra, showing the quasi-Jesuit Façade."

Kötteiyam, Kerala, India

"Interior of Syrian Church at Kötteiyam."

Cape Comorin, Tamil Nadu, India

"Cape Comorin. From an original sketch by Mr. Foote of the Geological Survey of India."

Jinjawára, Gujarat, India

"Mediæval Architecture in Guzerat, being a view of Gateway at Jinjawára, given in Forbes’s Ras Mala."

Breslau, Poland

"Figure of a Tartar under the Feet of Henry Duke of Silesia, Cracow, and Poland, from the tomb at Breslau of that Prince."

Nuremberg, Germany

"Published in German at Nuremberg 1477 (from the first printed edition of Marco Polo)."

Khotan, Xinjiang, China

"Marco Polo’s rectified Itinerary from Khotan to Nia."

Paris, France

"Figure of Marco Polo traced from a copy in the Berlin Library and associated with the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris."

Arabia, Middle East

"The Harvest of Frankincense in Arabia. Facsimile of an engraving in Thevet’s Cosmographie Universelle (1575)."

King City, California

"Plan of Southern Part of the City of King-szé (or Hang-chau), with the Palace of the Sung Emperors."

Kiang-shan, Fo-kien, China

"Itineraries of Marco Polo, No. VI. The Journey through Kiang-Nan, Che-kiang, and Fo-kien."

Tinnevelly, Tamil Nadu, India

"Sketch showing the Position of Káyal in Tinnevelly."

Chin-Yen-Ch’iao, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

"The West Gate of Chin-kiang fu. From an engraving in Fisher’s China."

Zayton, Fujian, China

"The Kaan’s Fleet leaving the Port of Zayton."

Amoy, China

"Missionary Map of Amoy and the Neighbouring Country, sent by the Rev. Carstairs Douglas."

Yun-nan, China

"Garden-House on the Lake of Yun-nan-fu, Yachi of Polo; and The Canal at Yun-nan fu."

Nia, Khotan, Xinjiang, China

"Marco Polo’s rectified Itinerary from Khotan to Nia."

Persia, Iran

"A Persian Bád-gír, or Wind-Catcher. From a drawing in the Atlas to Hommaire de Hell’s Persia."

Sultaniyeh, Iran

"Tomb of Oljaitu Khan, the brother of Polo’s Casan, at Sultaniah."

Siberia, Russia

"The Siberian Dog-Sledge. From the Tour du Monde."

Cambaluc, China

"When you leave the City of Cambaluc and have ridden ten miles, you come to a very large river which is called Pulisanghin, and flows into the ocean, so that merchants with their merchandise ascend it from the sea."

River Pulisanghin, China

Peking, China

"from Peking to Si‐ngan fu, viâ Pao‐ting, Cheng‐ting, Hwai‐luh, Taï‐yuan, Ping‐yang, and T’ung‐kwan, on the Yellow River."

Si‐ngan fu, China

"When Marco leaves the capital, he takes the main road, the “Imperial Highway,” from Peking to Si‐ngan fu, viâ Pao‐ting, Cheng‐ting, Hwai‐luh, Taï‐yuan, Ping‐yang, and T’ung‐kwan, on the Yellow River."

Pao‐ting, China

"from Peking to Si‐ngan fu, viâ Pao‐ting, Cheng‐ting, Hwai‐luh, Taï‐yuan, Ping‐yang, and T’ung‐kwan, on the Yellow River."

Cheng‐ting, China

"from Peking to Si‐ngan fu, viâ Pao‐ting, Cheng‐ting, Hwai‐luh, Taï‐yuan, Ping‐yang, and T’ung‐kwan, on the Yellow River."

Hwai‐lu, Shan‐si, China

"apparently the present Birmingham of this region is a town called Hwai‐lu, or Hwo‐luh’ien, about 20 miles west of Cheng‐ting fu, and just on the western verge of the great plain of Chihli."

Taï‐yuan, China

"Mr. Rockhill left Peking on the 17th December, 1888, reached T’aï‐yuan on the 26th, crossed the Yellow River on the 5th January, and arrived at Si‐ngan fu on the 8th January, 1889."

Ping‐yang, China

"from Peking to Si‐ngan fu, viâ Pao‐ting, Cheng‐ting, Hwai‐luh, Taï‐yuan, Ping‐yang, and T’ung‐kwan, on the Yellow River."

T’ung‐kwan, China

"from Peking to Si‐ngan fu, viâ Pao‐ting, Cheng‐ting, Hwai‐luh, Taï‐yuan, Ping‐yang, and T’ung‐kwan, on the Yellow River."

Tientsin, China

"The River is that which appears in the maps as the Hwan Ho, Hun‐ho, or Yongting Ho, flowing about 7 miles west of Peking towards the south‐east and joining the Pe‐Ho at Tientsin."

Pe‐Ho, China

"flowing … and joining the Pe‐Ho at Tientsin."

Yellow River, China

"from Peking to Si‐ngan fu, viâ Pao‐ting, Cheng‐ting, Hwai‐luh, Taï‐yuan, Ping‐yang, and T’ung‐kwan, on the Yellow River."

Kung‐ki cheng (Fei‐ch’eng), China

"Before arriving at the bridge the small walled city of Kung‐ki cheng is passed. This was founded in the first half of the 17th century. The people generally call it Fei‐ch’eng."

Juju (Cho‐chau), China

"After riding a mile beyond this city you find two roads… you come after 30 miles to a fine large city called Juju, where there are many abbeys of idolaters… Jújú is precisely the name given to this city by Rashiduddin. Juju is Cho‐chau, just at the distance specified from Peking, viz. 40 miles, and nearly 30 from Pulisanghin or Lu‐kou K’iao."

Cathay, China

"Taking the westerly one through Cathay, and travelling by it for ten days, you find a constant succession of cities and boroughs, with numerous thriving villages…"

Manzi, China

"… after riding a mile beyond this city you find two roads, one of which goes west and the other south‐east. The south‐easterly one goes towards the province of Manzi."

Taianfu, Shan‐si, China

"After riding then those ten days from the city of Juju, you find yourself in a kingdom called Taianfu, and the city at which you arrive, which is the capital, is also called Taianfu."

Acbaluc, China

"But at the end of five days’ journey out of those ten, they say there is a city unusually large and handsome called Acbaluc, whereat terminate in this direction the hunting preserves of the Emperor…"

Pianfu, China

"After those seven days’ journey you arrive at a city called Pianfu, a large and important place, with a number of traders living by commerce and industry."

Cachanfu, China

"So we will leave it and tell you of a great city called Cachanfu."

Caichu, China

"But stay—first let us tell you about the noble castle called Caichu."

Fu‐ch’eng‐i, China

"The traveller who quits the great plain of Chihli [which terminates at Fu‐ch’eng‐i, a small market‐town, two days from Pao‐ting.—H. C.]"

Chihli, China

"The traveller who quits the great plain of Chihli for “the kingdom of Taianfu”..."

Shan‐si, China

"Between Cheng‐ting fu and T’ai‐yuan fu the traveller first crosses a high and rugged range of mountains, and then ascends by narrow defiles to the plateau of Shan‐si."

Kwang-’an-măn, China

"At 27 li from Peking, by the western road leaving the gate of the Chinese city called Kwang-’an-măn, after passing the old walled town of Feuchen, you reach the bridge of Lo-Ku-Kiao."

Lu-kou k’iao, Kwang-’an-măn, China

"At 27 li from Peking, by the western road leaving the gate of the Chinese city called Kwang-’an-măn, after passing the old walled town of Feuchen, you reach the bridge of Lo-Ku-Kiao."

Tung-Kwan, Ho-nan, China

"… which are passable throughout this length only by the Great Central Asian trade route to T’ai-yuan fu and by the Tung-Kwan, Ho-nan, i.e. the Yellow River route."

Ho-nan, China

"… and one branch to Shantung and Ho-nan"

Shantung, China

"… one branch to Shantung and Ho-nan, after the bifurcation of the roads outside of Chochau."

Coal-Hill, Peking, China

"It stands about 3000 feet above the sea on the left bank of the Fen-ho—and is laid out in Peking fashion, even to mimicking the Coal-Hill and Lake of the Imperial Gardens."

Sze-ch’wan, China

"From Khavailu (Hwo-luh’ien), an important commercial centre supplying Shansi, for 130 miles to Sze-tien, the road traverses the loess hills…"

Imperial Gardens, Peking, China

"mimicking the Coal-Hill and Lake of the Imperial Gardens."

Fen-ho, China

"It stands about 3000 feet above the sea on the left bank of the Fen-ho.—H. C."

Yukau-hien, China

"The finest grapes are produced in the district of Yukau-hien, where hills shield the plain from north winds, and convert it into a garden many square miles in extent."

T’aï-yuan fu, China

"The founder of the Ming accepted the offering of wine of the vine from T’aï-yuan in 1373, but prohibited its being presented again."

Cheng-ting-fu, Shan-si, China

"…the river that flows down from Shan-si by Cheng-ting-fu is called “Putu-ho, or the Grape River.”"

Putu-ho River, Shan-si, China

"…the river that flows down from Shan-si by Cheng-ting-fu is called “Putu-ho, or the Grape River.”"

Central Plain, Shan-si, China

"West of the Fan River, along the western border of the Central Plain of Shan-si, in the extreme northern point of which lies T’aï-yuan fu."

Pianfu, China

"Pianfu is undoubtedly, as Magaillans again notices, P’ing-yang fu. It is the Bikan of Shah Rukh’s ambassadors. [Old P’ing yang, 5 lis to the south] is said to have been the residence of the primitive and mythical Chinese Emperor Yao."

Caichu, China

"On leaving Pianfu you ride two days westward, and come to the noble castle of Caichu, which was built in time past by a king of that country, whom they used to call the Golden King."

P’ing-yang fu, China

"…Pianfu is undoubtedly, as Magaillans again notices, P’ing-yang fu. The city, lying in a broad valley covered with the yellow löss, was destroyed by the T’aï-P’ing rebels, but it is reviving. [It is known for its black pottery.]"

Yellow River, China

"P’u-chau fu lies on a level with the Yellow River, and on the edge of a large extent of worthless marsh land, full of pools of brackish, and in some places, positively salt water."

T’ungkwan, China

"The most notable fortress of the Kin sovereigns was that of T’ungkwan, on the right bank of the river, 25 miles below P’u-chau fu, and closing the passage between the river and the mountains, just where the boundaries of Ho-nan, Shan-si, and Shen-si meet."

P’u-chau fu, China

"…P’u-chau fu lies on a level with the Yellow River, and on the edge of a large extent of worthless marsh land…"

Ki-chau, Shan-si, China

"There is near Ki-chau one of the easiest crossing places of the River, insomuch that since the Shen-si troubles a large garrison has been kept up at Ki-chau to watch it."

Taiching-kwan, China

"…at the fortress of Taiching-kwan, locally pronounced Taigin-kwan. This fortress … is very close to the river, on the left bank, about 6 m. S.W. of P’u-chau fu."

Ho-nan, China

"…closing the passage between the river and the mountains, just where the boundaries of Ho-nan, Shan-si, and Shen-si meet."

Shen-si, China

"…just where the boundaries of Ho-nan, Shan-si, and Shen-si meet."

Cachanfu, China

"After passing the river and travelling two days westward you come to the noble city of Cachanfu, which we have already named. The inhabitants are all Idolaters."

Kenjanfu, China

"…you come to that great city which I mentioned, called Kenjanfu. A very great and fine city it is, and the capital of the kingdom of Kenjanfu, which in old times was a noble, rich, and powerful realm…"

Central Asia, Asia

"…contained in the chapter on the nations of Central Asia, entitled Ta Yuan Chwan…"

Fergana, Central Asia

"…the chapter on the nations of Central Asia, entitled Ta Yuan Chwan, or description of Fergana, which forms part of the historical records (Sze-Ki) of Sze-ma Tsien…"

K’i-pin, Afghanistan

"…in the Description of Western regions, forming part of the History of the Han Dynasty, it is stated that grapes are abundantly produced in the country of K’i-pin (identified with Cophene, part of modern Afghanistan)…"

Chaghan Kuren, China

"…from Ning-hia to Chaghan Kuren (in about 110° E. long.), in which Captain Prjevalski’s observations give a fall of less than 6 inches per mile."

Cathay, China

"…and I may as well remind you again that all the people of Cathay are Idolaters."

Peking, China

"The vocabulary Hweï Hwei (Mahomedan) of the College of Interpreters at Peking transcribes King chao from the Persian Kin-chang..."

River Wei, China

"Martini speaks, apparently from personal knowledge, of the splendour of the city, as regards both its public edifices and its site, sloping gradually up from the banks of the River Wei..."

Lanchau-fu, Gansu, China

"identified with Hochau in Kansuh, about 70 miles south-west of Lanchau-fu, the capital of that province."

Hsün-hua t’ing, Gansu, China

"The Russian traveller, Potanin, found the Salar living in twenty-four villages, near Hsün-hua t’ing, on the south bank of the Yellow River."

Pao-ki h’ien, Shen-si, China

"It commenced on the west bank of the Wei, opposite Pao-ki h’ien, 100 miles west of Si-ngan fu..."

Ku-yuan, Liu-p’an shan, China

"and enters Shan-si through what is known among Chinese travellers as the Ku-kwan, Customs’ Barrier."

Wei River, Shaanxi, China

"…the eight days’ journey through richly cultivated plains run up the basin of the Wei River, the most important agricultural region of North-West China."

Caramoran River, Manzi, China

"Concerning the Great River Caramoran and the City of Cachanfu. When you leave the castle, and travel about 20 miles westward, you come to a river called Caramoran, so big that no bridge can be thrown across it."

Cuncun, Shen-si, China

"…I will tell you of a very mountainous province called Cuncun, which you reach by a road right wearisome to travel."

Ning-yuan fu, Yunnan, China

"The best part for navigation is above this, from Ning-hia to Chaghan Kuren (in about 110° E. long.), in which Captain Prjevalski’s observations give a fall of less than 6 inches per mile."

Chang-chia, Salar pa-kun, Gansu, China

"the Chang-ngan suburb of the city of Singanfu"

Paoching-h’ien, Shen-si, China

"and ended near the town of Paoching-h’ien, some 15 or 20 miles north-west from Han-chung."

Han-chung, Shen-si, China

"…and the adjoining districts… if the traveller visited that city [Han-chung]."

Ku-yuan, Liu-p’an shan, China

"he established his royal residence at K’ia-ch’eng (modern Ku-yuan) in the Liu-p’an shan"

Cuncun, Shen-si, China

"CHAPTER XLII. Concerning the Province of Cuncun, which is right wearisome to travel through."

Fung-sien, China

"From Si-ngan Fu S.W. to Ch’êng-tu, viâ K’i-shan, Fung-sien, Mien, Kwang-yuan and Chao-hwa, about 30 days, in chairs."

Kitau Kwan, Han-chung, China

"From the temple of Kitau Kwan, which stands at the top of the cliff, there is a magnificent view of the Plain..."

T’sing-ling, Sze-ch’wan, China

"…than the T’sing-ling range"

Liu-p’an shan, China

"in the Liu-p’an shan"

Koshang, Shan-hsi, China

"when on their journey from Koshang in Southern Shan-hsi to Western Asia in about 1276"

Hwachau, Shen-si, China

"The movement originated at Hwachau, some 60 miles east of Si-ngan fu, now totally destroyed."

Acbalec Manzi, China

"CHAPTER XLIII. Concerning the Province of Acbalec Manzi... The capital city is called Acbalec Manzi."

Sindafu, China

"CHAPTER XLIV. Concerning the Province and City of Sindafu... you arrive at a plain belonging to a province called Sindafu, which still is on the confines of Manzi, and the capital city of which is (also) called Sindafu."

Zi-ka-wei, Shang-hai, China

"Father Havret, S.J., of Zi-ka-wei, near Shang-hai"

Western Asia, Asia

"when on their journey from Koshang in Southern Shan-hsi to Western Asia in about 1276"

Tzinisthán, China

"that of Adam, Bishop and Pope of Tzinisthán (i.e. China)"

Kä-tzŭ, Salar pa-kun, Gansu, China

"The eight kiun constituting the Salar pa-kun are Kä-tzŭ, the oldest and largest, said to have over 1300 families living in it, …"

Chang-chia, Salar pa-kun, Gansu, China

"The eight kiun constituting the Salar pa-kun are … Chang-chia, …"

Némen, Salar pa-kun, Gansu, China

"The eight kiun constituting the Salar pa-kun are … Némen, …"

Ch’ing-shui, Salar pa-kun, Gansu, China

"The eight kiun constituting the Salar pa-kun are … Ch’ing-shui, …"

Munta, Salar pa-kun, Gansu, China

"The eight kiun constituting the Salar pa-kun are … Munta, …"

Tsu-chi, Salar pa-kun, Gansu, China

"The eight kiun constituting the Salar pa-kun are … Tsu-chi, …"

Antasu, Salar pa-kun, Gansu, China

"The eight kiun constituting the Salar pa-kun are … Antasu, …"

Ch’a-chia, Salar pa-kun, Gansu, China

"The eight kiun constituting the Salar pa-kun are … Ch’a-chia."

Ts’a-pa, Salar pa-kun, Gansu, China

"Besides these Salar kiun there are five outer (wai) kiun: Ts’a-pa, Ngan-ssŭ-to, Hei-ch’eng, Kan-tu and Kargan, …"

Ngan-ssŭ-to, Salar pa-kun, Gansu, China

"Besides these Salar kiun there are five outer (wai) kiun: … Ngan-ssŭ-to, …"

Hei-ch’eng, Salar pa-kun, Gansu, China

"Besides these Salar kiun there are five outer (wai) kiun: … Hei-ch’eng, …"

Kan-tu, Salar pa-kun, Gansu, China

"Besides these Salar kiun there are five outer (wai) kiun: … Kan-tu, …"

Kargan, Salar pa-kun, Gansu, China

"Besides these Salar kiun there are five outer (wai) kiun: … Kargan, …"

Salar Pakun, Gansu, China

"their chief town being known as Salar Pakun or Paken."

Chengdu, Sichuan, China

"We are on firm ground again, for Sindafu is certainly Ch’êng-tu fu, the capital of Sze-ch’wan. Probably the name used by Polo was Sindu‐fu, as we find Sindu in the G. T. near the end of the chapter."

Sichuan, China

"Sindafu is certainly Ch’êng-tu fu, the capital of Sze-ch’wan."

Peking, China

"“It is without exception the finest city I have seen in China; Peking and Canton will not bear comparison with it.”"

Canton, China

"“It is without exception the finest city I have seen in China; Peking and Canton will not bear comparison with it.”"

Sü-chau, China

"…the To Kiang or Chung-Kiang flowing south‐east to join the great river at Lu‐chau, whilst another flows south to Sü‐chau or Swi‐fu."

An-shun Bridge, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

"We took ship outside the East Gate on a rapid narrow stream, apparently the city moat, which soon joins the main river, a little below the An‐shun Bridge, an antiquated wooden structure some 90 yards long."

East Gate, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

Chin-Yen-Ch’iao, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

"On our way we passed over a fine nine-arched stone bridge, called the Chin-Yen-Ch’iao. Near the covered bridge there is a very pretty view down the river."

Irawadi River, Myanmar

"adjoining the great eastern branch of the Irawadi"

K’i-pin, Afghanistan

"From Si-ngan Fu S.W. to Ch’êng-tu, viâ K’i-shan, Fung-sien, Mien, Kwang-yuan and Chao-hwa, about 30 days, in chairs."

Pao-ki h’ien, Shen-si, China

"From Ch’êng-tu viâ Si-ngan to Peking the road does not touch Han-chung, but 20 li west of the city strikes north to Pao-ch’eng."

Ch’êng-tu, China

"the road from Han-chung to Ch’êng-tu fu"

Mien, Myanmar

"From Si-ngan Fu S.W. to Ch’êng-tu, viâ K’i-shan, Fung-sien, Mien, Kwang-yuan and Chao-hwa, about 30 days, in chairs."

Chao-tong, Sichuan, China

"From Si-ngan Fu S.W. to Ch’êng-tu, viâ K’i-shan, Fung-sien, Mien, Kwang-yuan and Chao-hwa, about 30 days, in chairs."

Ta-t’sien lu, Lithang, Tibet, China

"the dividing range Ta-pa-shan is less in height than the T’sing-ling range"

Kan-tu, Salar pa-kun, Gansu, China

"identified with Hochau in Kansuh"

Shang-Kuan, Ta-li fu, Yunnan, China

"…near Shang-hai; published at Shang-hai in 1895 and 1897."

Kian-suy River, China

"catch a great quantity of fish. It is a good half mile wide, and very deep withal, and so long that it reaches all the way to the Ocean Sea,—a very long way, equal to 80 or 100 days’ journey. And the name of the River is Kian-suy. The multitude of vessels that navigate this river is so vast, that no one who should read or hear the tale would believe it."

Yangtzŭ, China

"He was, however, correct enough, as usual, for the Chinese consider it to be the main upper stream of the Yangtzŭ."

Wen River, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

"Though our Geographies give the specific names of Wen and Min to the great branch which flows by Ch’êng-tu fu..."

Min River, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

"Though our Geographies give the specific names of Wen and Min to the great branch which flows by Ch’êng-tu fu..."

Kin sha (Golden Sand), Yunnan, China

"and treat the Tibetan branch which flows through northern Yunnan under the name of Kin sha or 'Golden Sand,' as the main river, the Chinese seem always to have regarded the former as the true Kiang."

Imperial City (Hwang Ching), Chengdu, Sichuan, China

"The Imperial City (Hwang Ching) was the residence of the monarch Lew Pé during the short period of the ‘Three Kingdoms’ (3rd century), and some relics of the ancient edifice still remain. I was much interested in looking over it. It is now occupied by the Public Examination Hall and its dependencies."

Tebet, China

"After travelling those five days’ march, you reach a province called Tebet, which has been sadly laid waste; we will now say something of it."

Kwan Hsien, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

"Above Kwan Hsien, near Ch’êng-tu, there is a fine suspension bridge, mentioned by Marcel Monnier (Itinéraires, p. 43), from whom I borrow the cut reproduced on this page."

East China Sea, China

"and so long that it reaches all the way to the Ocean Sea,—a very long way, equal to 80 or 100 days’ journey."

Imperial City, Ch’êng-tu fu, China

"It will be seen that Ch’êng-tu is divided into three cities: the Great City containing both the Imperial and Tartar cities.—H. C."

Tartar City, Ch’êng-tu fu, China

"It will be seen that Ch’êng-tu is divided into three cities: the Great City containing both the Imperial and Tartar cities.—H. C."

Lisbon, Portugal

"in a MS. letter written by Giovanni dell’Affaitado, Venetian Agent at Lisbon in 1503, communicated to me by Signor Berchet."

Tebet, China

"CHAPTER XLV. Concerning the Province of Tebet. After those five days’ march that I spoke of, you enter a province which has been sorely ravaged; and this was done in the wars of Mongu Kaan."

Kienchang, Caindu, China

"The Valley of the Kin-Sha Kiang, near the lower end of Caindu, i.e. Kienchang. (From Garnier.)"

Kiangka, China

"M. Gabriel Durand, a missionary priest, thus describes his journey in 1861 to Kiangka, viâ Ta-t’sien-lu."

Yachaufu, China

"Just at the skirt of this mountain region, where the great road to Lhása enters it, lies the large and bustling city of Yachaufu, forming the key of the hill country, and the great entrepôt of trade between Sze-ch’wan on one side, and Tibet and Western Yunnan on the other."

Lhása, Tibet, China

"Just at the skirt of this mountain region, where the great road to Lhása enters it..."

Sze-ch’wan, China

"trade between Sze-ch’wan on one side, and Tibet and Western Yunnan on the other."

Western Yunnan, China

"trade between Sze-ch’wan on one side, and Tibet and Western Yunnan on the other."

Bathang, Tibet, China

"Mr. Cooper’s Journal, when on the banks of the Kin-sha Kiang, west of Bathang, affords a startling illustration of the persistence of manners in this region."

Tibet, China

"In Marco’s time we must suppose that Tibet was considered to extend several marches further east still, or to the vicinity of Yachaufu."

Manzi, China

"… and they border on Manzi and sundry other regions."

Brius River, Caindu, China

"After riding those ten days you come to a river called Brius, which terminates the province of Caindu. In this river is found much gold-dust, and there is also much cinnamon on its banks."

Canton, China

"… and single travellers will come all the way from Canton or Si-ngan fu to take back a small load of it."

Si-ngan fu, China

"… and single travellers will come all the way from Canton or Si-ngan fu to take back a small load of it."

Djaya, China

"… and speak of turquoises as found in Djaya to the west of Bathang."

Momein, Burma

"Lieutenant Bower, in his account of Major Sladen’s mission, says that at Momein the salt, which was a government monopoly, was “made up in rolls of one and two viss”..."

Genoa, Italy

"… also “Aurum de Pajola,” in Usodimare of Genoa, see Gräberg, Annali, II. 290, quoted by Peschel, p. 178."

Gorge of the Lan t’sang Kiang, Eastern Tibet, China

"Roads in Eastern Tibet. (Gorge of the Lan t’sang Kiang, from Cooper.)"

Gulan Sigong, Yunnan, China

"Gold is said still to be very plentiful in the mountains called Gulan Sigong, to the N.W. of Yun-nan, adjoining the great eastern branch of the Irawadi..."

Ta-t’sien lu, Lithang, Tibet, China

"M. Gabriel Durand, a missionary priest, thus describes his journey in 1861 to Kiangka, viâ Ta-t’sien-lu, a line of country partly coincident with that which Polo is traversing."

Caindu, Sichuan, China

"CHAPTER XLVII. Concerning the Province of Caindu. Caindu is a province lying towards the west, and there is only one king in it."

Kin-sha Kiang, Yunnan, China

"Mr. Cooper’s Journal, when on the banks of the Kin-sha Kiang, west of Bathang..."

Lithang, Tibet, China

"Chinese authorities quoted by Ritter mention mother-o’-pearl as a product of Lithang..."

Hsia-Kuan, Ta-li fu, Yunnan, China

"[At Hsia-Kuan, near Ta-li, Captain Gill remarked to a friend (II. p. 312) “that the salt, instead of being in the usual great flat cakes about two or two and a half feet in diameter, was made in cylinders eight inches in diameter and nine inches high..."

Muang Yong, Burman-Shan

"Salt currency has a very wide diffusion from Muang Yong [in the Burman-Shan country, about lat. 21° 43′] to Sheu-pin [in Yun-nan, about lat. 23° 43′]."

Pai yen ching, Yen-yuan, China

"… regarding salt he writes (p. 121): “The brine wells from which the salt is derived lie at Pai yen ching, 14 miles to the south-west of the city [of Yen-yuan] …"

Yen-yuan, Yunnan, China

"… 14 miles to the south-west of the city [of Yen-yuan] …"

Sse-mao, Yunnan, China

"At Sse-mao and Pou-erl, silver, weighed and cut in small pieces, is in our day tending to drive out the custom…"

Pou-erl, Yunnan, China

"At Sse-mao and Pou-erl, silver, weighed and cut in small pieces, is in our day tending to drive out the custom…"

Li-kiang fu, Yunnan, China

"The Moso call themselves Nashi and are called Djiung by the Tibetans; their ancient capital is Li-kiang fu which was taken by their chief Mong-ts’u under the Sung Dynasty…"

Ma-pien, China

"Near Ma-pien they call themselves ‘Lo-su’; in the neighbourhood of Lui-po T’ing their name is ‘No-su’ or ‘Ngo-su’..."

Lui-po T’ing, China

"in the neighbourhood of Lui-po T’ing their name is ‘No-su’ or ‘Ngo-su’ (possibly a mere variant of ‘Lo-su’)..."

Hui-li-chou, China

"Near Hui-li-chou the term is ‘Lé-su’—the syllable Lé being pronounced as in French."

T’ung River, Sichuan, China

"The subject tribes on the T’ung River, near Mount Wa, also name themselves ‘Ngo-su.’"

Mount Wa, Sichuan, China

"near Mount Wa, also mentioned in connection with the T’ung River, where tribes name themselves ‘Ngo-su.’"

Lan-ts’ang Kiang, Tibet, China

"Towards the Lan-ts’ang Kiang is the quasi-Tibetan tribe called by the Chinese Mossos..."

Lú-Kiang, China

"and between the Lan-ts’ang and the Lú-Kiang or Salwen are the Lissús, wild hill-robbers and great musk hunters..."

Yalung-Kiang, Tibet, China

"this great Tibetan River, the Yarlung, or Yalung-Kiang, which joins the Kin-sha not far from the middle of the great bight…"

Carajan, Yunnan, China

"CHAPTER XLVIII. Concerning the Province of Carajan. When you have passed that River you enter on the province of Carajan, which is so large that it includes seven kingdoms."

Yachi, Yunnan, China

"At the end of those five days’ journey you come to the capital, which is called Yachi, a very great and noble city, in which are numerous merchants and craftsmen."

Brius, Yunnan, China

"Five days backward from Yun-nan fu should bring us to the river Brius, with its gold-dust and the frontier of Caindu."

Kin-sha Kiang, Yunnan, China

"The Kin-sha Kiang or Upper course of the Great Yang-tzŭ, descending from Tibet to Yun-nan, forms the great bight or elbow to which allusion has just been made…"

Siu-chau, Sichuan, China

"… passes by Chao-tong and Tong-chuan to Yun-nan fu, via Siu-chau."

Chao-tong, Sichuan, China

"then passes by Chao-tong and Tong-chuan to Yun-nan fu."

Tong-chuan, Sichuan, China

"then passes by Chao-tong and Tong-chuan to Yun-nan fu."

Ya-chau, Sichuan, China

"Two routes run from Ch’êng-tu fu to Yun-nan; these fork at Ya-chau and thenceforward are entirely separated by this barrier."

Ta-t’sien lu, Lithang, Tibet, China

"Mr. T. T. Cooper crossed it further north, by Ta-t’sien lu, Lithang and Bathang;"

Lithang, Tibet, China

"Mr. T. T. Cooper crossed it further north, by Ta-t’sien lu, Lithang and Bathang;"

Bathang, Tibet, China

"Mr. T. T. Cooper crossed it further north, by Ta-t’sien lu, Lithang and Bathang;"

Liao-yang, China

"According to Oxenham, Historical Atlas, there were ten provinces or sheng (Liao-yang, Chung-shu, Shen-si, Ho-nan, Sze-ch’wan, Yun-nan, Hu-kwang, Kiang-che, Kiang-si and Kan-suh)…"

Shen-si, China

"According to Oxenham, Historical Atlas, there were ten provinces or sheng (Liao-yang, Chung-shu, Shen-si, Ho-nan, …)"

Ho-nan, China

"According to Oxenham, Historical Atlas, there were ten provinces or sheng (… Shen-si, Ho-nan, …)"

Yun-nan, China

"According to Oxenham, Historical Atlas, there were ten provinces or sheng (… Sze-ch’wan, Yun-nan, …)"

Ch’êng-tu, China

"The Chinese at Ch’êng-tu fu, according to Richthofen, classify the aborigines of the Sze-ch’wan frontier as Man-tzŭ, Lolo, Si-fan, and Tibetan."

Ngan-ssŭ-to, Salar pa-kun, Gansu, China

"just before the confluence it receives on the left a stream of inferior calibre, the Ngan-ning Ho, which also flows in a valley parallel to the meridian…"

Min River, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

"Two routes run from Ch’êng-tu fu to Yun-nan; these fork at Ya-chau and thenceforward are entirely separated by this barrier. To the east of it is the route which descends the Min River to Siu-chau, and then passes by Chao-tong and Tong-chuan to Yun-nan fu."

Caindu, Sichuan, China

"Probably in Marco Polo’s time a Menia population predominated, and the valley was regarded as part of Menia. I make bold to offer as the original of Marco’s Caindu, or preferably Ciandu."

Sheu-ping, Yunnan, China

"Salt currency has a very wide diffusion from Muang Yong … to Sheu-pin [in Yun-nan, about lat. 23° 43′]."

Salwen, Yunnan, China

"and between the Lan-ts’ang and the Lú-Kiang or Salwen are the Lissús..."

Kien-ch’ang Valley, Yunnan, China

"This River Ngan-ning waters a valley called Kien-ch’ang, containing near its northern end a city known by the same name, but in our modern maps marked as Ning-yuan fu…"

Tali-fu, Yung-ch’ang, China

"our next point in advance, Marco’s city of Carajan undisputably Tali-fu, is said by him to be ten days from Yachi."

Yang-chau, China

"The Kin-sha Kiang or Upper course of the Great Yang-tzŭ, descending from Tibet to Yun-nan…"

Chung-li, Somalia

"According to Oxenham, Historical Atlas, there were ten provinces or sheng (Liao-yang, Chung-shu, Shen-si, Ho-nan, …)"

Hu-chau, Hangchow, China

"According to Oxenham, Historical Atlas, there were ten provinces or sheng (… Hu-kwang, …)"

Kien-ch’ang Valley, Yunnan, China

"…and enters the charming Valley of Kien-ch’ang. This valley, with its capital near the upper extremity, its numerous towns and villages, its cassia, its spiced wine, and its termination southward on the River of the Golden Sands, is Caindu."

Ning-yuan fu, Yunnan, China

"…the official route from Ya-chau to Ning-yuan lays down 13 stages, but it generally takes from 15 to 18 days."

Chengdu, Sichuan, China

"…this road from Ch’êng-tu fu to Ta-li…"

Hwei-li, Yunnan, China

"The traveller’s road from Ningyuan to Yunnanfu probably lay through Hwei-li."

Kin-sha Kiang, Yunnan, China

"…and the Kin-sha Kiang would be crossed as already indicated, near its most southerly bend, and almost due north of Yun-nan fu."

Lake Tien-chi, Yunnan, China

"The Lake mentioned by Polo as existing in the territory of Yachi is no doubt the Tien-chi, the Great Lake on the shore of which the city of Yun-nan stands."

Yalung River, Yunnan, China

"…the only non-Chinese races found there now are the Si-fan and Lolos, near the Yalung and Yang-tzŭ Rivers."

River of the Golden Sands, Yunnan, China

"…its termination southward on the River of the Golden Sands, is Caindu."

Bhamó, Burma

"…the greater part of the goods for Bhamó and Ava used to travel before the recent Mahomedan rebellion."

Ava, Burma

"…the greater part of the goods for Bhamó and Ava used to travel before the recent Mahomedan rebellion."

Tibet, China

"His Tibet commences with the mountain region near Ya-chau; his 20 days’ journey through a devastated and dispeopled tract is the journey to Ning-yuan fu."

Bathang, Tibet, China

"…this route coincides with the great Tibet road by Ta-t’sien lu and Bathang to L’hása..."

Lhasa, Tibet, China

"…and then it diverges to the left. We may now say without hesitation that by this road Marco travelled towards L’hása."

Luang Prabang, Laos

"…Lieutenant Garnier found cowries nowhere in use north of Luang Prabang..."

Irrawaddy Valley, Burma

"…and probably had embraced the upper part of the Irawadi Valley."

Katmandu, Nepal

"…a copy of [a proclamation] some years ago found its way through the Nepalese agent at L’hasa, into the hands of Colonel Ramsay, the British Resident at Katmandu."

Beijing, China

"…the Sultan took poison, but his head was cut off and sent to Peking."

Momein, Burma

"…the city was captured by the Imperial officers in 1873… and Momein fell soon after [10th June]."

Dailiu, China

"“To the south-west of Cathay is the country called by the Chinese Dailiu or ‘Great Realm’…"

Cathay, China

"“To the south-west of Cathay is the country called by the Chinese Dailiu or ‘Great Realm’…"

Tangut, China

"…this country, which is of vast extent, is bounded on one side by Tibet and Tangut, and on others by Mongolia, Cathay, and the country of the Gold-Teeth."

Western Yunnan, China

"…in 1855 began their revolt against the imperial authority, which for a time resulted in the establishment of their independence in Western Yun-nan under a chief whom they called Sultan Suleiman."

Lijiang, Yunnan, China

"…in the vicinity of Li-kiang fu. (D’Ohsson, II. 317; J. R. Geog. Soc. III. 294.)"

Shang-Kuan, Ta-li fu, Yunnan, China

"On either flank, at about twelve and six miles distance respectively, are situated Shang-Kuan and Hsia-Kuan (upper and lower passes)…"

Hsia-Kuan, Ta-li fu, Yunnan, China

"On either flank, at about twelve and six miles distance respectively, are situated Shang-Kuan and Hsia-Kuan (upper and lower passes)…"

Tien-tsang Mountains, Yunnan, China

"…from the western margin of its majestic lake, which lies approximately north and south, rises a sloping plain … closed in by the huge wall of the Tien-tsang Mountains."

Ngo Hu, Kwang-tung, China

"According to Chinese notions, Han Yü, the St. Patrick of China, having persuaded the alligators in China that he was all‐powerful, induced the stupid saurians to migrate to Ngo Hu or ‘Alligators’ Lake’ in the Kwang-tung province."

Wu-hu, China

"Alligators have been found in 1878 at Wu-hu and at Chen-kiang (Ngan-hwei and Kiang-Su)."

Chen-kiang, Kiang-Su, China

"Alligators have been found in 1878 at Wu-hu and at Chen-kiang (Ngan-hwei and Kiang-Su)."

Ava, Burma

"and now, still nearer the borders of Ava, only 5 of silver for one of gold."

Kiang-shan, Fo-kien, China

"According to Oxenham, Historical Atlas, there were ten provinces or sheng (… Kiang-si, …)"

Yun-nan, China

"…the city of Yun-nan fu (also referred to as Yachi) where the Council of Administration is established."

Ta-t’sien lu, Lithang, Tibet, China

"…this road from Ch’êng-tu fu to Ta-li by Ya-chau and Ning-yuan appears to be that by which … Ta-li fu is renowned as the strongest hold of Western Yun-nan, with a small old city overlooking its large lake."

Kan-tu, Salar pa-kun, Gansu, China

"According to Oxenham, Historical Atlas, there were ten provinces or sheng (… Kan-suh)."

Yang-chau, China

"…the only non-Chinese races found there now are the Si-fan and Lolos, near the Yalung and Yang-tzŭ Rivers."

Ya-chau, Sichuan, China

"…as far as Ts’ing-k’i hien, 3 marches beyond Ya-chau, this route coincides with …"

Silhet, Bengal, India

"When the Hon. Robert Lindsay went as Resident and Collector to Silhet about 1778, cowries constituted nearly the whole currency of the Province."

Nan-tien, China

"…the Shan Kingdom called by the Chinese Nan-Chao, which had subsisted in Yun-nan since 738."

Mekong River, Southeast Asia

"The Lake appears to communicate with the Mekong, and the story goes, no doubt fabulous, that boats have come up to Ta-li from the Ocean."

Mongolia, Asia

"…this country, which is of vast extent, is bounded … on others by Mongolia, Cathay, and the country of the Gold-Teeth."

Ganges River, India

"I have once only heard it, whilst on the bank of the Ganges near Rampúr Boliah, waiting for a ferry-boat."

Rampúr Boliah, India

"I have once only heard it, whilst on the bank of the Ganges near Rampúr Boliah, waiting for a ferry-boat."

Carajan, Yunnan, China

"When you have left Carajan and have travelled five days westward, you find a province called Zardandan."

Zardandan, Yunnan, China

"When you have left Carajan and have travelled five days westward, you find a province called Zardandan."

Vochan, Yung-ch'ang, China

"The capital city is called Vochan."

Wun-tsheng, Yung-ch’ang, China

"In an itinerary from Ava to Peking, we read on the 10th September, 1833: “Slept at the city Wun-tsheng (Chinese Yongtchang fú and Burmese Wun-zen).”"

Tali-fu, Yung-ch’ang, China

"‘precisely the actual number of stages from Tali-fu to the present boundary of Yung-ch’ang.’"

Yun-nan, China

"Major Sladen observes of the people on the western border of Yun-nan: “Kachyens and Shans ride on ordinary Chinese saddles. The stirrups are of the usual average length, but the saddles are so constructed as to rise at least a foot above the pony’s back.”"

Ch’êng-tu, China

"near Ch’êng-tu (as mentioned in relation to Li-fan Fu)."

Tatta, Sindh, Pakistan

"When he visited his disciples at Tatta they plotted his death, in order to secure the blessings of his perpetual presence."

Gilgit, Pakistan

"the like practice is ascribed to the rude Moslem of Gilghit;"

Peking, China

"In an itinerary from Ava to Peking..."

Kweichau, China

"Some of the Miau-tzŭ of Kweichau are described as wearing armour of buffalo-leather overlaid with iron plates."

Upper Assam, India

"… of the Mishmis of Upper Assam …"

Lukiang, Yunnan, China

"of the Lu-tzŭ of the valley of the Lukiang."

Laos, Southeast Asia

"of tribes of the hills of Laos."

Cambodia, Southeast Asia

"of the Stiens of Cambodia."

Kingdom of Mien, China

"devoted to The Marches of the Kingdom of Mien."

Pegu, Myanmar

"they are descended from the people of Chu-po or Piao Kwo (Kingdom of Piao), ancient Pegu."

Salween River, Myanmar

"in a little valley between the Mekong and the Salwen Rivers."

Mekong River, Southeast Asia

"Baber writes when arriving to the Lan-tsang kiang (Mekong River): “We were now on the border-line between Carajan and Zardandan.”"

Tibet, China

"this is the way the traders still travel in Tibet."

Northern Spain, Spain

"according to Strabo among the Iberians of Northern Spain."

Pontus, Turkey

"according to Apollonius Rhodius among the Tibareni of Pontus."

Berlin, Germany

"in a Chinese manuscript entitled Hwa-i-yi-yü found by Dr. F. Hirth, and belonging now to the Berlin Royal Library."

Borneo, Southeast Asia

"Modified traces of a like practice are also found in a variety of countries … as in Borneo, in Kamtchatka, and in Greenland."

Kamchatka, Russia

"Modified traces of a like practice are also found … as in Borneo, in Kamtchatka, and in Greenland."

Greenland, Denmark

"Modified traces of a like practice are also found … as in Borneo, in Kamchatka, and in Greenland."

Southern India, India

"among a wandering tribe of the Telugu-speaking districts of Southern India."

Biscay, Spain

"In certain valleys of Biscay, says Francisque-Michel, “in which the popular usages carry us back to the infancy of society…”"

Carcassonne, France

"from the poem in ten cantos, Luciniade, by Sacombe, of Carcassonne (Paris and Nîmes, 1790)."

Paris, France

"from the poem in ten cantos, Luciniade, by Sacombe, of Carcassonne (Paris and Nîmes, 1790)."

Nîmes, France

"from the poem in ten cantos, Luciniade, by Sacombe, of Carcassonne (Paris and Nîmes, 1790)."

Moluccas, Indonesia

"in Bouro, one of the Moluccas."

Bouro, Moluccas, Indonesia

"in Bouro, one of the Moluccas."

Timor, Indonesia

"with the substitution of silver for gold by a modern traveller as existing in Timor."

West Indies, Caribbean

"not only among the Carib races of Guiana, of the Spanish Main, and (where still surviving) of the West Indies."

Spanish Main, Caribbean

"not only among the Carib races of Guiana, of the Spanish Main, and (where still surviving) of the West Indies."

Guiana, South America

"not only among the Carib races of Guiana."

Brazil, South America

"among many tribes of Brazil and its borders from the Amazons to the Plate."

Paraguay, South America

"among the Abipones of Paraguay."

California, United States

"among the aborigines of California."

West Africa, Africa

"in West Africa."

Gulansigung Mountains, Myanmar

"the original and still most populous seat of the Kakhyen or Singpho race is pointed out by Colonel Hannay in the Gulansigung Mountains and the valley of the eastern source of the Irawadi."

Peking, China

"Dr. Ernest Martin, late physician of the French Legation at Peking, in an article on La Couvade en Chine (Revue Scientifique, 24th March, 1894)"

Yun-nan, China

"The abundance of gold in Yun-nan is proverbial in China, so that if a man lives very extravagantly they ask if his father is governor of Yun-nan."

Eastern Yun-nan, China

"Polo has told us that in Eastern Yun-nan the exchange was 8 of silver for one of gold (ch. xlviii.)"

Western Yun-nan, China

"in the Western division of the province 6 of silver for one of gold"

Li-kiang fu, Yunnan, China

"Captain Gill says (I. p. 323) that he had made up his mind to visit a place called Li-fan Fu, near Ch’êng-tu."

Ava, Burma

"In an itinerary from Ava to Peking, we read on the 10th September, 1833: …"

Momein, Burma

"Dr. Anderson confirms the depressing and unhealthy character of the summer climate at Momein, though standing between 5000 and 6000 feet above the sea (p. 41); and Lieutenant Bower’s Commercial Report on Sladen’s Mission notes that the price of pure gold at Momein in 1868 was 13 times its weight in silver (p. 122)."

Canton, China

"but in Canton, in 1844, they were 1 to 17; and Timkowski states that at Peking in 1821 the finest gold was valued at 18 to 1."

Rotterdam, Netherlands

"which was published for the first time at Rotterdam, in 1658, 4to."

Iles Antilles, Caribbean

"the Histoire naturelle ... des Iles Antilles, which was published for the first time at Rotterdam, in 1658, 4to."

Canterbury hop-gardens, Canterbury, England

"They appear to be still used by bakers in various parts of England and France, in the Canterbury hop-gardens, and locally in some other trades."

England, United Kingdom

"in various parts of England"

Central Laos, Laos

"Dr. Harmand mentions (Tour du Monde, 1877, No. VII.) the same fact among the Khas of Central Laos;"

Luang-Prabang, Laos

"M. Pierre Lefèvre-Pontalis says he saw these tallies among the Khas of Luang-Prabang."

Constantinople, Turkey

"the wild performance of the Dancing Dervishes at Constantinople, we see perhaps again the infection of Turanian blood breaking out from the very heart of Mussulman orthodoxy."

Tinnevelly, Tamil Nadu, India

"Dr. Caldwell has given a striking account of the practice of devil-dancing among the Shanars of Tinnevelly."

Madras, Tamil Nadu, India

"by the Rev. R. Caldwell, B.A., Madras, 1849, pp. 19–20."

Kweichau, China

"the aboriginal tribes of Kweichau is mentioned by Chinese authorities"

Bonga, Ethiopia

"the French missionaries of Bonga speak of the same as in use among the simple tribes in that vicinity."

Hookong, India

"“Singpho,” says Colonel Hannay, … all of this race who have settled in Hookong or Assam are thus designated"

Assam, India

"“Singpho,” says Colonel Hannay, … all of this race who have settled in Hookong or Assam are thus designated"

Calcutta, India

"(Sketch of the Singphos, or the Kakhyens of Burma, Calcutta, 1847, pp. 3–4.)"

Pagán, Burma

"the real capital of Mien or Burma at this time was, however, Pagán"

Bengal, India

"the title of 'King of Bengal,' which is attributed to the Burmese king in the text"

Patteik-Kará, Bengal, India

"He also maintained intercourse with the King of Patteik-Kará and married his daughter. Patteik-Kará is apparently an attempt to represent some Hindi name such as Patthargarh, 'The Stone-Fort."

Bhamó, Burma

"Kiangtheu appears to have been on the Irawadi, somewhere near Bhamó"

Irawadi, Burma

"that valley then followed to the Irawadi"

Shwéli, Burma

"the descent might then be from Yung-ch’ang to the valley of the Shwéli"

Tagaung, Burma

"the point reached was Tagaung or Old Pagán, on the upper Irawadi"

Murshidabad, India

"the king of Burma favoured us with the requisition that we should cede to him Moorshedabad and the provinces to the east of it"

Kiangtheu, Bhamó, Burma

"Nasr-uddin advanced with nearly 4000 men to Kiangtheu, which appears to have been on the Irawadi, somewhere near Bhamó, and is perhaps the Kaungtaung of the Burmese"

Kaungtaung, Burma

"it is perhaps the Kaungtaung of the Burmese"

Dacca, Bangladesh

"Vikrampúr was some miles east of Dacca"

Mogaung, Burma

"more especially in the direction of Mogaung, whence gold is exported towards Assam"

Nan-tien, China

"the stream that drains the Yung-ch’ang plain communicates with the Salwen by a river called the 'Nan-tien"

Western Yunnan, China

"referenced in Anderson’s Report on Expedition to Western Yunnan"

Yun-nan, China

"Mien-Kwé or Mien-tisong is the name always given in Yun-nan to that kingdom"

Fu-chau, China

"one of the governors of the province of Fu-chau"

Kiang Hung, China

"whilst the Shans at Kiang Hung call the Burmese Man"

Shwé-Ku, Pagán, Burma

"the temple called Shwé-Ku ('Golden Cave'), at Pagán"

Sardis, Turkey

"In his battle near Sardis, Cyrus collected together all the camels of his army"

Dhammayangyi, Pagán, Burma

"the great Temple at Pagán called Dhammayangyi"

Temple of Gaudapalén, Mien, Burma

"Temple of Gaudapalén (in the city of Mien), erected circa A.D. 1160"

Salwen, Yunnan, China

"the stream from Yung-ch’ang communicates with the Salwen by a river"

Ta-t’sien lu, Lithang, Tibet, China

"whilst M. Garnier mentions that the exchange at Ta-li in 1869 was 12 to 1 (I. 522)."

Carajan, Yunnan, China

"in the year 1272, the Great Kaan sent a large force into the kingdoms of Carajan and Vochan"

Tali-fu, Yung-ch’ang, China

"the route mentions Carajan (or Tali) as a starting point before reaching Vochan (Yung-ch’ang)"

Nan-tien, China

"not to be confounded with the 'Nan-ting,' about 45 miles south of that city"

Vochan, Yung-ch'ang, China

"the high value put on silver at Vochan, viz., that there was no silver-mine within five months’ journey."

Vochan, Yung-ch'ang, China

"a famous battle that was fought in the kingdom of Vochan in the Province of Zardandan"

Yung-Chia Chong, Sichuan, China

"the itinerary mentions that the journey should be reckoned from Yung-ch’ang; and if the same principle were applied to the march between Carajan (or Tali) and Vochan (Yung-ch’ang)"

Arakan, Myanmar

"at the time of the disputes on the frontier of Arakan in 1823–1824"

Vikrampúr, Bangladesh

"Vikrampúr was some miles east of Dacca, as mentioned in the account"

Amien, Burma

"then you arrive at the capital city of this Province of Mien, and it also is called Amien, and is a very great and noble city."

Pagán, Burma

"The Chinese continued the pursuit long past Pagán till they reached the place now called Tarokmau or 'Chinese Point,' 30 miles below Prome."

Bassein, Burma

"embarking with his treasure and establishments on the Irawadi, fled down that river to Bassein in the Delta."

Tarokmau, Burma

"they reached the place now called Tarokmau or 'Chinese Point,' 30 miles below Prome."

Tagaung, Burma

"the 'primitive capital,' Taikung, which they captured; I have little doubt Pauthier is right in identifying with Tagaung, traditionally the most ancient royal city of Burma."

Nga-tshaung-gyan, Burma

"at the city of Nga-tshaung-gyan, apparently somewhere near the mouth of the Bhamó River."

Bhamó River, Burma

"near the mouth of the Bhamó River."

Hill of Malé, Burma

"they took up a new point of defence on the Hill of Malé, which they had fortified."

Peking, China

"the date 1290 in the text would fix the period of Polo’s final departure from Peking."

Sheu-ping, Yunnan, China

"visited Sheu-ping, Lin-ngan and the upper valley of the River of Tungking on their way to Yun-nan-fu."

Lin-ngan, Yunnan, China

"visited Sheu-ping, Lin-ngan and the upper valley of the River of Tungking on their way to Yun-nan-fu."

Tungking, China

"the upper valley of the River of Tungking on their way to Yun-nan-fu."

Mekong River, Southeast Asia

"officers of the French expedition up the Mekong."

Tibet, China

"by way of Cathay and Tibet."

Cathay, China

"by way of Cathay and Tibet."

Silhet, Bengal, India

"especially the province of Silhet."

Java, Indonesia

"the Chinese name of Java, Kwawa, which signifies 'gourd-sound,' and was given to that Island."

Tarok-Myo, Ava, Burma

"he has not unnaturally confounded it with Tarok-Myo or 'China-Town,' a district not far below Ava."

Ava, Burma

"a district not far below Ava."

Panya, Burma

"the King of Panya from 1323 to 1343 was the son of a daughter of the Emperor of China."

Pong, Burma

"the Shan State of Pong in the Upper Irawadi valley."

Chiang Mai, Thailand

"M. Pauthier, from certain indications in a Chinese work, fixes on Chiangmai or Kiang-mai, the Zimmé of the Burmese, as the capital of the Papesifu and of the Caugigu of our text."

Muang-Yong, Laos

"the capital of the Papesifu at this time was Muang-Yong, a little to the south-east of Kiang-Tung."

Anin, Yunnan, China

"Anin is a Province towards the east, the people of which are subject to the Great Kaan, and are Idolaters."

Caugigu, Thailand

"Caugigu is a province towards the east, which has a king; they find in this country a good deal of gold, and they also have great abundance of spices."

Ngo-ning, Yunnan, China

"the modern name of the town which M. Garnier writes Homí is expressed by the same character as the first syllable of Ngoning."

Yunnan, China

"We last left our traveller at Mien, or on the frontier of Yun-nan and Mien."

Irrawaddy Delta, Burma

"…confounded what he so heard on the Yun‐nan frontier of the Delta of the Irawadi."

Chengdu, Sichuan, China

"Ch’êng-tu fu in Sze-ch’wan (interpreted here as Chengdu, Sichuan, China)."

Kweichau, China

"Fortified Villages on Western frontier of Kweichau. (From Garnier.)"

Cacanfu, Pe Chih-li, China

"Cacanfu is a noble city. Note 1 states: “Cacanfu is Ho-kien fu in Pe Chih-li, 52 miles in a direct line south by east of Chochau.”"

Changlu, Pe Chih-li, China

"Then we come to a town called Changlu. Note 2 adds: “Marsden and Murray have identified Changlu with T’sang-chau in Pe Chih-li.”"

Cambaluc, China

"A great river passes through Cacanfu, on which much merchandise is carried to the city of Cambaluc, for by many channels and canals it is connected therewith."

Chochau, Pe Chih-li, China

"Note 1 mentions Cacanfu is located 52 miles in a direct line south by east of Chochau."

Chinangli, China

"…and we shall come to a city called Chinangli."

Peking, China

"…an eminent Chinese scholar, Mr. W. F. Mayers, of Her Majesty’s Legation at Peking (letter dated 18th September, 1874)."

Kwei Hua Ch’eng, Mongolia

"An article published in the North‐China Herald (20th May, 1887) concerns Kwei Hua Ch’eng, Mongolia."

Homi, China

"…in the territory about Lin-ngan and Homi."

Xieng Hung, China

"In starting from Muang Yong, or even if you prefer it, from Xieng Hung (Kiang Hung of our maps)."

Lowatong, China

"Iron Suspension Bridge at Lowatong. ‘That one,’ says M. Garnier, referring to the branch of the River of Lowa-tong."

Na-ch’i hien, China

"…the district city of Na-ch’i hien, which lies on the right bank both of the Yun-ning River and of the Kiang."

Juju (Cho‐chau), China

"…at the end of those 70 days you come to Juju where we were before."

Chao-tong, Sichuan, China

"…navigable up to about the latitude of Chao-tong."

Irawadi River, Myanmar

"embarking with his treasure and establishments on the Irawadi."

Mekong River, Southeast Asia

"…in his journey to Kiang Hung on the great River Mekong, as accompanying the caravans of Chinese traders on their way to the Siamese territory."

Pegu, Myanmar

"All these conditions point consistently to one locality; that, however, is not Bengal but Pegu."

Prome, Myanmar

"30 miles below Prome."

Lin-ngan, Yunnan, China

"…I seek this in the territory about Lin-ngan and Homi."

Siam, Thailand

"…the caravans of Chinese traders on their way to the Siamese territory."

Pe Chih-li, China

"Note 1 states: “Cacanfu is Ho-kien fu in Pe Chih-li.”"

Sichuan, China

"Ch’êng-tu fu is described as being in Sze-ch’wan (interpreted here as Sichuan, China)."

Sinju-matu, China

"On leaving the city of Sinju-matu you travel for eight days towards the south, always coming to great and rich towns and villages flourishing with trade and manufactures."

Linju, Linju Province, China

"At the end of those eight days you come to the city of Linju, in the province of the same name of which it is the capital."

Piju, Manzi, China

"At the end of those three days you find the city of Piju, a great, rich, and noble city, with large trade and manufactures, and a great production of silk."

Siju, China

"At the end of those two days you reach the city of Siju, a great, rich, and noble city, flourishing with trade and manufactures."

Caramoran River, Manzi, China

"At the end of those three days you reach the great river Caramoran, which flows hither from Prester John’s country."

Coiganju, Manzi, China

"Hither and thither, on either bank of the river, stands a town; the one facing the other is called Coiganju."

Caiju, Manzi, China

"and the other Caiju; the former is a large place, and the latter a little one."

Manzi Province, China

"And when you pass this river you enter the great province of Manzi."

Hwang-Ho, China

"We have again arrived on the banks of the Hwang-Ho, which was crossed higher up on our traveller’s route to Karájang."

Shan-tung, China

"Lingiu is a place which appears in D’Anville’s Map of Shan-tung as Lintching-y."

Lingiu, Shan-tung, China

"Murray suggests that Lingiu is a place which appears in D’Anville’s Map of Shan-tung as Lintching-y."

Karájang, China

"which was crossed higher up on our traveller’s route to Karájang."

Pei-chau, China

"Note 2.—There can be no doubt that this is Pei-chau on the east bank of the canal."

T’si-nan fu, China

"the T’si River, which flowed by T’si-nan fu."

Kai-fung fu, China

"… on the north bank of the canal, nearly under the 35th degree of latitude, and a short distance west of Kai-fung fu."

Khanbalik, China

"which is forty days’ journey from Khanbalik."

Manchuria, China

"in Manchuria, where Mantszi is the name given to the Chinese immigrants."

Lake of Hang-chau, Hang-chau, China

"in the topography of the famous Lake of Hang-chau."

Yang-chau, China

"another force indeed marched direct upon Yang-chau."

Kwa-chau, China

"a desperate attempt was made, at Kwa-chau, to recapture the young emperor."

Canton, China

"in the forests between Zayton and Canton."

Fo-kien, China

"in Fo-kien"

Cambaluc, China

"named him chief minister of state and commandant of his guards and the troops about Cambaluc."

T’si River, China

"the T’si River, which flowed by T’si-nan fu."

Gulf of Chih-li, China

"the Hwang-Ho discharged its waters into the Gulf of Chih-li, by two branches."

South-Western Shan-tung, China

"the river at present spreads over the very low lands of South-Western Shan-tung."

Tibet, China

"from the mountains of Tibet and Kashmir."

Kashmir, India

"from the mountains of Tibet and Kashmir."

Grand Canal, China

"the same change has destroyed the Grand Canal as a navigable channel for many miles south of Lin-t’sing chau."

Hwai-ngan chau, China

"another force indeed marched direct upon Yang-chau, and therefore probably by Hwai-ngan chau."

Manzi, China

"when you leave Coiganju you ride south-east for a day along a causeway laid with fine stone, which you find at this entrance to Manzi."

Hwang-Ho, China

"on the canal, some miles south of the channel of the Hwang-Ho; but apparently in Polo’s time the great river passed close to it."

Shantung, China

"into which the Hwang-Ho sent a branch when first seeking a discharge south of Shantung."

Paukin, China

"At the end of the day’s journey you reach the fine city of Paukin."

Cayu, China

"When you leave Paukin you ride another day to the south-east, and then you arrive at the city of Cayu."

Cambaluc, China

"…from several Christian Alans holding high office at the court of Cambaluc..."

Ta-t’sien lu, Lithang, Tibet, China

"the same in fact that was till recently called the Ta-t’sing."

Ta-t’sien lu, Lithang, Tibet, China

"on their arrival at Ta-tu, Kúblái’s chief queen, Jamui Khatun, treated them with delicate consideration."

Lin-ngan, Yunnan, China

"the same change has destroyed the Grand Canal as a navigable channel for many miles south of Lin-t’sing chau."

Coiganju, Manzi, China

"CHAPTER LXVI. Concerning the City of Coiganju. Coiganju is, as I have told you already, a very large city standing at the entrance to Manzi."

Hwai-ngan chau, China

"seagoing craft used to ascend to the ferry north of Hwai-ngan fu."

T’si-nan fu, China

"a branch more southerly than either of the above flowed towards T’si-ning."

Tsing-po Gate, Hang-chau, China

"the vast trading town of Tsing-kiang pu."

Kinsay, China

"the capital city of the kingdom, which was called Kinsay, and which was the residence of the King and Queen."

Siang-yang fu, China

"after the capture of Siang-Yang."

Shao-hing-fu, China

"of a kind of Pariah caste at Shao-hing."

Kao-yu Lake, China

"To the west is the Kao-yu Lake, one of the expanses of water spoken of by Marco, and which threatens great danger to the low country on the east."

Tiju, China

"until you come to Tiju, which is a city of no great size but abounding in everything."

Tinju, China

"there is a rich and noble city called Tinju, at which there is produced salt enough to supply the whole province."

Yanju, China

"and then you arrive at the very great and noble city of Yanju, which has seven-and-twenty other wealthy cities under its administration."

Yang-chau, China

"Happily, there is no doubt that this is Yang-chau, one of the oldest and most famous great cities of China."

Ta cheng, Yang-chau, China

"in 1357, Ta cheng was rebuilt, and in 1557 it was augmented, taking the place of the three cities."

Pao yew cheng, Yang-chau, China

"The three cities under the Sung include Pao yew cheng, built in 1256."

Sin Pao-cheng, Yang-chau, China

"Sin Pao-cheng or Kia cheng, built after 1256."

Tacheng, Yang-chau, China

"and Tacheng, the “Great City,” built in 1175."

Nanghin, China

"Nanghin is a very noble Province towards the west."

Saianfu, China

"the very noble city of Saianfu, which well deserves a place in our book."

Vincennes, France

"the Emperor Napoleon, when Prince President, caused some interesting experiments in the matter of mediæval artillery to be carried out at Vincennes."

Paris, France

"in the Album of Villard de Honnecourt, an architect of the 13th century, which was published at Paris in 1858."

Orléans, France

"A great machine which cumbered the Tower of St. Paul at Orléans."

Venice, Italy

"Villehardouin says that the fleet which went from Venice to the attack of Constantinople carried more than 300 perriers and mangonels."

Constantinople, Turkey

"the attack of Constantinople."

Nidau, Bern, Switzerland

"when besieging Nidau in 1388."

Zara, Croatia

"when the Venetians were besieging the revolted city of Zara in 1346."

Delhi, India

"When the garrison of Dehli refused to open the gates to Aláuddin Khilji after the murder of his uncle, Firúz (1296)..."

Deogir, India

"and the population of Dehli should evacuate the city and depart to Deogir, 900 miles distant."

River Thames, London, England

"a curious resemblance between this kind of Trebuchet and the apparatus used on the Thames to raise the cargo from the hold of a collier."

Acre, Israel

"At the siege of Acre in 1291..."

Thin l’Evêque, France

"At the sieges of Thin l’Evêque in 1340, and Auberoche in 1344, already cited, Froissart says the French cast stones in, night and day, so as in a few days to demolish all the roofs of the towers..."

Auberoche, France

Damascus, Syria

"When Gházán Khan was about to besiege the castle of Damascus in 1300, so much importance was attached to this art that the Governor of the castle offered a reward of 1000 dinars for that personage’s head."

Aden, Yemen

"They are also distinctly represented on the towers of Aden, in the contemporary print of the escalade in 1514, reproduced in this volume."

Siang-yang fu, China

"Saianfu is Siang-yang fu, which stands on the south bank of the River Han, and with the sister city of Fan-ch’eng on the opposite bank, commands the junction of two important approaches to the southern provinces."

Fan-ch’eng, China

"Saianfu ... with the sister city of Fan-ch’eng on the opposite bank, commands the junction of two important approaches to the southern provinces."

Shen-si, China

"It commands the junction of two important approaches to the southern provinces, viz. that from Shen-si down the Han..."

Peking, China

"and that from Shan-si and Peking down the Pe-ho."

Han River, China

"Siang-yang fu stands on the south bank of the River Han."

Pe-ho River, China

"and that from Shan-si and Peking down the Pe-ho."

Kai-fung fu, China

"At the siege of Kai-fung fu near the Hwang-Ho, the latest capital of the Kin Emperors, in 1232, the Mongol General Subutai used his engines."

Hwang-Ho, China

"At the siege of Kai-fung fu near the Hwang-Ho, the latest capital of the Kin Emperors..."

Chinchau/I-chin-hien, China

"In 1236 we find the Chinese garrison of Chinchau (I-chin-hien on the Great Kiang near the Great Canal) repelling the Mongol attack."

Cathay, China

"Among the references to western artillery and engineering, vessels are said to come from the provinces of Cathay, from Machin, and from the cities of Khingsai and Zaitún."

Foo che, Hangchow, China

"34, Foo che, Prefecture."

Zi-ka-wei, Shang-hai, China

"the late Father H. Havret, S.J., of Zi-ka-wei."

Yang-chau, China

"near the northern shore of the estuary of the Yang-tzŭ, which might be fairly described as three days from Tai-chau."

Nan-tien, China

"The more celebrated city of Nan-king did not bear that name in our traveller’s time."

Shan-tung, China

"and that from Shan-si and Peking down the Pe-ho."

I-980, Oakland, California

"Mr. Kingsmill identifies it with I-chin hien, the great port on the Kiang for the export of the Yang-chau salt."

Cyprus, Eastern Mediterranean

"Stella relates that the Genoese armament sent against Cyprus, in 1373..."

Tai-hsü pass, China

"a town lying some 25 miles at least to the eastward of the canal, but apparently connected with it by a navigable channel."

Táyif, Saudi Arabia

"Professor Sprenger informs me that the first mention of the Manjanik in Mahomedan history is at the siege of Táyif by Mahomed himself, A.D. 630."

Acre, Israel

"In the final defence of Acre (1291) we hear of balistae bipedales that shot 3 quarrels at once, with such force as to stitch the Saracens to their bucklers."

Yanju, China

"When you leave the city of Yanju, after going 15 miles south‐east, you come to a city called Sinju."

Kwa-chau, China

"No place in Polo’s travels is better identified by his local indications than this. It is on the Kiang; it is at the extremity of the Great Canal from Cambaluc; it is opposite the Golden Island and Chin-kiang fu. Hence it is Kwa-chau, as Murray pointed out."

Golden Island, China

"It is opposite the Golden Island and Chin-kiang fu, as illustrated among the three picturesque islands: the Orphan Rock at the top, Golden Island in the middle, Silver Island below."

Silver Island, China

"Among the three picturesque islands illustrated are Golden Island, Silver Island (below) and the Orphan Rock at the top."

Little Orphan Rock, China

"We give on the preceding page illustrations of those three picturesque islands; the Orphan Rock (Little Orphan Rock) at the top, Golden Island in the middle, Silver Island below."

Kiang River, China

"You must know that this city stands on the greatest river in the world, the name of which is Kian (alternately rendered as Kiang), through which vast quantities of merchandize pass."

Yang-chau, China

"I-ching hien is still the great port of the Yang-chau salt manufacture, for export by the Kiang and its branches to the interior provinces."

Grand Canal, China

"The Emperor hath caused a water‐communication to be made from this city to Cambaluc in the shape of a wide and deep channel dug between stream and stream, forming as it were a great river on which large vessels can ply."

Ichang, China

"At Ichang: 314; 231,000 tons, of which Chinese, 118; 66,944 tons; sailing vessels, all Chinese, 5139; 163,320 tons."

Shasi, China

"At Shasi: 606; 453,818 tons, of which Chinese, 606; 453,818 tons; no sailing vessels."

Yochow, China

"At Yochow: 650; 299,962 tons, of which Chinese, 458; 148,112 tons; no sailing vessels; under Inland Steam Navigation Rules, 280 Chinese vessels, 20,958 tons."

Hankow, China

"At Hankow: under General Regulation, Steamers, 2314; 2,101,555 tons, of which Chinese, 758; 462,424 tons; sailing vessels, 1137; 166,118 tons, of which Chinese, 1129; 163,724 tons; under Inland Steam Navigation Rules, 1682 Chinese vessels, 31,173 tons."

Kiu-Kiang, China

"At Kiu-Kiang: under General Regulation, Steamers, 2916; 3,393,514 tons, of which Chinese, 478; 697,468 tons; sailing vessels, 163; 29,996 tons, of which Chinese, 160; 27,797 tons; under Inland Steam Navigation Rules, 798 Chinese vessels; 21,670 tons."

Wu-hu, China

"At Wu-hu: under General Regulation, Steamers, 3395; 3,713,172 tons, of which Chinese, 540; 678,362 tons; sailing vessels, 356; 48,299 tons, of which Chinese, 355; 47,848 tons; under Inland Steam Navigation Rules, 286 Chinese vessels; 4272 tons."

Nanking, China

"At Nanking: under General Regulation, Steamers, 1672; 1,138,726 tons, of which Chinese, 970; 713,232 tons; sailing vessels, 290; 36,873 tons, of which Chinese, 281; 34,985 tons; under Inland Steam Navigation Rules, 30 Chinese vessels; 810 tons."

Chinkiang, China

"At Chinkiang: under General Regulation, Steamers, 4710; 4,413,452 tons, of which Chinese, 924; 794,724 tons; sailing vessels, 1793; 294,664 tons, of which Chinese, 1771; 290,286 tons; under Inland Steam Navigation Rules, 2920; 39,346 tons, of which Chinese, 1684; 22,776 tons."

Khanbaligh, China

"This canal extends for a distance of 40 days’ navigation from Khanbaligh to Khingsai and Zaitún, the ports frequented by the ships that come from India, and from the city of Machin (Canton)."

Khingsai, China

"This canal extends for a distance of 40 days’ navigation from Khanbaligh to Khingsai and Zaitún, the ports frequented by the ships that come from India..."

Zaitún, China

"This canal extends for a distance of 40 days’ navigation from Khanbaligh to Khingsai and Zaitún, the ports frequented by the ships that come from India..."

Machin, Canton, China

"…and from the city of Machin (Canton)."

Golden Isle, Kiang, China

"On the Kiang, not far from the mouth, is that remarkably beautiful little island called the ‘Golden Isle,’ surmounted by numerous temples..."

Chinghianfu, Manzi, China

"CHAPTER LXXIII. Of the City of Chinghianfu. Chinghianfu is a city of Manzi."

Chinginju, Manzi, China

"CHAPTER LXXIV. Of the City of Chinginju and the Slaughter of certain Alans there. … you arrive at the great and noble city of Chinginju."

Samarcand, Uzbekistan

"From this document we see that “Sie-mi-sze-hien (Samarcand) is distant from China 100,000 li (probably a mistake for 10,000) to the north-west..."

Kiang-shan, Fo-kien, China

"In March 1276, the Manzi Emperor accepted vassaldom. Kiang-nan was regularly administered in 1278."

Cambaluc, China

"At Caiju are collected great quantities of corn and rice to be transported to the great city of Cambaluc for the use of the Kaan’s Court, and a water‐communication is made from this city to Cambaluc."

Chang-chia, Salar pa-kun, Gansu, China

"Now I will tell you of another city called Suju. Note 1.—Both the position and the story which follows identify this city with Chang-chau."

Tien-tsang Mountains, Yunnan, China

"It was declared open to foreign trade by the Treaty of Tien-Tsin in 1858."

Sinju-matu, China

"You come to a city called Sinju, of no great size, but possessing a very great amount of shipping and trade. Messer Marco Polo said that he once beheld at that city 15,000 vessels at one time."

Caiju, Manzi, China

"Concerning the City of Caiju. Caiju is a small city towards the south‐east. The people are subject to the Great Kaan and have paper‐money. It stands upon the river before mentioned."

Caucasus, Eurasia

"…the relics of the Alans were settled on the northern skirts of the Caucasus, where they made a stout resistance to the Mongols..."

Sogdiana, Central Asia

"…that ‘they led a pastoral life N.W. of Sogdiana (K’ang-chü) in a plain bounded by great lakes (or swamps), and in their wanderings went as far as the shores of the Northern Ocean.’"

Si-ngan fu, China

"…the celebrated monument of Si-ngan fu."

Tanais (Don), Russia

"…Ammianus Marcellinus (xxxi. 348) says, the Alans were a congeries of tribes living E. of the Tanais (Don)..."

Shanghai, China

"Su-chau is situated 80 miles west of Shang-hai, 12 miles east of the Great Lake..."

Great Temple of Confucius, Su-chau, China

"…a plan of the city incised on marble … preserved in the Confucian Temple in Su-chau since A.D. 1247."

Mei-li, Ch’ang-chau, China

"It was founded by Wu Tzŭ-sü, who removed the capital of Wu from Mei-li (near the modern Ch’ang-chau) to the new site now occupied by the city of Su-chau."

Ch’ang-chau, China

"…(near the modern Ch’ang-chau) as mentioned in the relocation of the capital of Wu."

Vughin, Manzi, China

"I will tell you of another great and noble city called Vughin. The people are Idolaters, &c., and possess much silk and other merchandise."

Changan, China

"Let us now quit Vughin and tell you of another city called Changan, a great and rich place."

Wukiang-hien, China

"Mr. Kingsmill observes that the only town at that distance is Wukiang-hien, once of some little importance but now much reduced."

Hang-chau, China

"Description of the Great City of Kinsay, which is the Capital of the whole Country of Manzi; Kinsay is now known as Hang-chau."

Manzi, China

"…the Capital of the whole Country of Manzi."

Cathay, China

"…and this is the practice also throughout all Manzi and Cathay."

Ts’wan-chau, China

"To start for foreign countries one must embark at Ts’wan-chau, and then go to the sea of Ts’i-chau (Paracels)."

Paracel Islands, South China Sea

"…then go to the sea of Ts’i-chau (Paracels)."

Tai-hsü pass, China

"…through the Tai-hsü pass; coming back he must look to Kwen-lun (Pulo Condor)."

Pulo Condor, Indonesia

"…coming back he must look to Kwen-lun (Pulo Condor)."

Magliabecchian Library, Florence, Italy

"…the traveller Carletti presented to the Magliabecchian Library the Chinese Atlas, dating from 1595."

Ganfu, China

"And the Ocean Sea comes within 25 miles of the city at a place called Ganfu, where there is a town and an excellent haven."

Hangchow, China

"Plan of the Imperial City of Hangchow in the 13th Century. (From the Notes of the Right Rev. G. E. Moule.)"

Western Lake, Hangchow, China

"This sheet of water is the celebrated Si-hu, or “Western Lake,” the fame of which had reached Abulfeda, and which has raised the enthusiasm even of modern travellers."

Bay of Hang-chau, Hangchow, China

"The sea now comes up much nearer the city; and the upper part of the Bay of Hang-chau is believed to cover what was once the site of the port and town of Kanp’u."

Chapu, Hangchow, China

"but the present port of Hang-chau, and till recently the sole seat of Chinese trade with Japan, is at Chapu, some 20 miles further seaward."

Kinsay, China

"Further Particulars concerning the Great City of Kinsay. [The position of the city is such that it has on one side a lake of fresh and exquisitely clear water …]"

Ts’ien T’ang, Hangchow, China

"The estuary of the Ts’ien T’ang, or river of Hang-chau, has undergone great changes since Polo’s day."

Great Kiang, China

"It would seem that about the time of our era the Yang-tzŭ Kiang had three great mouths. The most southerly of these was the Che-Kiang, which is said to have given its name to the Province still so called."

Wu-hu, China

"The second branch quitted the main channel at Wu-hu, passed by I-hing (or I-shin) communicating with the northern end of the T’ai-Hu…"

Taihu Lake, China

"communicating with the northern end of the T’ai-Hu (passed apparently by Su-chau)…"

Su-chau, China

"passed apparently by Su-chau"

Kanp’u, Hangchow, China

"and then bifurcated, one arm entering the sea at Wu-sung, and the other at Kanp’u."

Hu-chau, Hangchow, China

"The silk manufactures of Hang-chau are said to give employment to 60,000 persons within the city walls, and Hu-chau, Kia-hing, and the surrounding villages…"

Kia-hing, Hangchow, China

"… and Hu-chau, Kia-hing, and the surrounding villages, are reputed to employ 100,000 more."

T’ien tsung yen tsang, Hangchow, China

"31, T’ien tsung yen tsang, T’ien tsung Salt Depot."

T’ien tsung tsew koo, Hangchow, China

"2, T’ien tsung tsew koo, T’ien tsung Wine Store."

Chang she, Hangchow, China

"33, Chang she, The Chang Monastery."

Hang-chau, China

"…and 40 miles south of the Kiang, in the plain between this river and Hang-chau Bay."

Chang-chia, Salar pa-kun, Gansu, China

"but I observe that on the portage road between Chang-shan and Yuh-shan there are stone pillars inscribed 'Highway (from Che-kiang) to Eight Provinces…"

Wu-hu, China

"and then bifurcated, one arm entering the sea at Wu-sung, and the other at Kanp’u."

I-980, Oakland, California

"passed by I-hing (or I-shin) communicating with the northern end of the T’ai-Hu..."

Vuju, Kinsay, China

"Now let us quit Suju, and go on to another which is called Vuju, one day’s journey distant; it is a great and fine city, rife with trade and manufactures."

Luh-ho-ta (Six Harmonies Tower), Hangchow, China

"…on a high eminence in the city stands a Tower, and the Luh-ho-ta Pagoda may be taken as marking the extreme S.W."

Tsien-tang, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China

"…on a high bluff over the Tsien-tang River, 15 li distant from the present south gate."

Yuh-shan, Kinsay, China

"on the portage road between Chang-shan and Yuh-shan there are stone pillars inscribed 'Highway (from Che-kiang) to Eight Provinces…"

Foo hio, Hangchow, China

"Foo hio, Prefectural Confucian Temple."

Luh-ho-ta (Six Harmonies Tower), Hangchow, China

"The building of the present Luh-ho-ta (“Six Harmonies Tower”), after repeated destructions by fire, is recorded on a fine tablet of the Sung period, still standing (Moule)."

Black-Tea Mountains, China

"starting from Chang-shan in the direction of the Black-Tea mountains, says: 'The road on which we were travelling was well paved with granite…"

Manzi, China

"The men levied in the province of Manzi are not placed in garrison in their own cities, but sent to others at least 20 days’ journey from their homes…"

Palace of the King Facfur, Kinsay, China

"Further Particulars of the Palace of the King Facfur. The whole enclosure of the Palace was divided into three parts. Opposite the gate stood the chief Pavilion, larger than the rest, and painted in like style…"

Hang-chau, China

"Note 2.—The tides in the Hang-chau estuary are now so furious, entering in the form of a bore, and running sometimes, by Admiral Collinson’s measurement, 11½ knots, that it has been necessary to close by weirs the communication which formerly existed between the River Tsien-tang on the one side and the Lake Si-hu and internal waters of the district on the other."

River Tsien-tang, China

"… the communication which formerly existed between the River Tsien-tang on the one side and the Lake Si-hu and internal waters of the district on the other."

Lake Si-hu, China

"… and the Lake Si-hu and internal waters of the district on the other."

north gate, Hang-chau, China

"… and at the great canal terminus outside the north gate, respectively."

Kinsay, China

"Mr. Kingsmill, to whose notices I am indebted for part of this information, is, however, mistaken in supposing that in Polo’s time the tide stopped some 20 miles below the city; we have seen that the tide in the river before Kinsay was the object which first attracted attention."

Fuyang, China

"The tides reach Fuyang, 20 miles higher."

Si-ngan fu, China

"No. 2. in the South of the Imperial City of Si-ngan fu."

Kingszé and Sung Palace, Kinsay, China

"No. 3. Arrangement of Two-Fang Square, with four streets and 8 gates. Compare Polo’s statement that in each of the squares at Kinsay, where the markets were held, there were two great Palaces facing one another…"

Lake Prospect Chambers, Hang-chau, China

"… and then, at the first or second drum, before the evening market dispersed, returned home by candle-light. In the city, gentlemen and ladies assembled in crowds, lining the way to see the return of the thousand Knights. (Quoted in the account from the Sung Dynasty.)"

Bamboo Pavilion, Hang-chau, China

"… and then, at the first or second drum, before the evening market dispersed, returned home by candle-light. In the city, … assembling at ‘Bamboo Pavilion’."

Cansay, China

"Friar Odoric: “Departing thence I came unto the city of Cansay, a name which signifieth the ‘City of Heaven.’ …”"

Venice, Italy

"… and I have met at Venice people in plenty who have been there."

Ferrara, Italy

"… like Ferrara by the Po, for it is longer than it is broad."

Covent Garden Market, London, United Kingdom

"In the beginning of 1867 I saw pears in Covent Garden Market which I should guess to have weighed 7 or 8 lbs. each."

Shan-tung, China

"Note 5.—Van Braam, in passing through Shan-tung Province, speaks of very large pears."

Manchuria, China

"[Large pears are nowadays produced in Shan-tung and Manchuria, but they are rather tasteless and coarse. …]"

Alexandria, Egypt

"… for one shipload of pepper carried to Alexandria for the consumption of Christendom …"

Peking, China

"Note 10.—Public carriages are still used in the great cities of the north, such as Peking."

Cambalec, China

"The Archbishop of Soltania: “… the city of Cambalec are 40,000 men by sure tale …”"

Cassay, China

"The Archbishop of Soltania: “… and in the city of Cassay there be yet more, for its people is greater in number …”"

Manzi, China

"CHAPTER LXXVIII. Treating of the great Yearly Revenue that the Great Kaan hath from Kinsay … forming a ninth part of the whole country of Manzi."

Tsing-po Gate, Hang-chau, China

"Note 12.—A garden called Tseu-king (“of many prospects”) near the Tsing-po Gate, and a monastery west of the lake, near the Lingin, are mentioned as pleasure haunts of the Sung Kings."

Lingin, Hang-chau, China

"Note 12.—… and a monastery west of the lake, near the Lingin, are mentioned as pleasure haunts of the Sung Kings."

Brahma’s Temple, Hang-chau, China

"Stone Chwang, or Umbrella Column, on site of “Brahma’s Temple,” Hang-chau."

Ch’êng-tu, China

"… a complete study of the inscription of a chwang, nearly similar to the one given here, which is erected near Ch’êng-tu.—H. C."

Ching-hoang, Kinsay, China

"… near the south side, a hill called Ching-hoang on which stands that tower with the watchmen, on which there is a clepsydra to measure the hours …"

Quinsai, China

"… corresponding to the river described by the Venetian at Quinsai, and flowing eastward to the sea, which it enters precisely at the distance which he mentions."

Fo-kien, China

"the bounds of Kiang-Ché seem to have varied greatly, sometimes including and sometimes excluding Fo-kien."

Manzi, China

"I may observe that Rashiduddin reports, on the authority of the Mongol minister Pulad Chingsang, that the whole of Manzi brought in a revenue of “900 tomans.”"

Yang-chau, China

"For Friar Odoric states the revenue of Yang-chau in tomans of Balish, the latter unit being a sum in paper‐currency equivalent to a florin and a half."

Tanpiju, Kinsay, China

"When you leave Kinsay and travel a day’s journey to the south-east, through a plenteous region, passing a succession of dwellings and charming gardens, you reach the city of Tanpiju, a great, rich, and fine city, under Kinsay."

Zayton, Fujian, China

"… that for one shipload of pepper carried to Alexandria for the consumption of Christendom, a hundred went to Zayton in Manzi."

Vuju, Kinsay, China

"I will tell you of another city called Vuju at three days’ distance from Tanpiju. The people are Idolaters, &c., and the city is under Kinsay."

Ghiuju, Kinsay, China

"Travelling through a succession of towns and villages that look like one continuous city, two days further on to the south-east, you find the great and fine city of Ghiuju which is under Kinsay."

Changshan, Kinsay, China

"After those four days you come to the great and fine city of Changshan. It is situated upon a hill which divides the River, so that the one portion flows up country and the other down. It is still under the government of Kinsay."

Cuju, Kinsay, China

"When you leave Changshan you travel three days through a very fine country with many towns and villages, traders and craftsmen, and arrive at the city of Cuju. The people are Idolaters, &c., and live by trade and manufactures. It is a fine, noble, and rich city, and is the last of the government of Kinsay in this direction."

Fuju, Manzi, China

"The other kingdom which we now enter, called Fuju, is also one of the nine great divisions of Manzi as Kinsay is."

Ts’ien T’ang Valley, Fo-kien, China

"…through a plenteous region, passing a succession of dwellings and charming gardens; then travelling by water, ascending the valley of the Ts’ien T’ang, commonly called by Europeans the Green River."

Yuh-shan, Kinsay, China

"At Chang-shan the stream is no longer navigable even for small boats. Travellers going west or south-west walk or are carried in sedan-chairs across country in a westerly direction for about 30 miles to a town named Yuh-shan. Here there is a river which flows westward (‘the other half goes down’)."

Kwansinfu, Jiangxi, China

"…taking the traveller rapidly in that direction, and passing en route the towns of Kwansinfu, Hokow or Hokeu, and onward to the Poyang Lake."

Hokeu, Jiangxi, China

"…passing en route the towns of Kwansinfu, Hokow or Hokeu, and onward to the Poyang Lake; Hokeu would be represented in Polo’s spelling as Caghiu or Cughiu. It is now a place of great population and importance as the entrepôt of the Black Tea Trade."

Poyang Lake, Jiangxi, China

"…and onward to the Poyang Lake."

Pu-chêng, Fo-kien, China

"Leaving Hangchau by boat for Fuhkien, the first place of importance is reached at Pu-chêng in Upper Fo-kien, from which the waters are navigable, and at which travellers disembark to hire coolies and chairs for the journey over the Sien-hia Pass."

Unken, Fo-kien, China

"In the itinerary given it runs: … Ke-lin-fu (Kien-ning fu), Unken (Hu-kwan)…"

Tyunju, Fo-kien, China

"In the itinerary: … Tyunju (Tek-hwa)."

Shanghai, China

"…a large and busy town, compared by Fortune, as regards population, to Shang-hai."

Ningpo, China

"…the boats used on this route can be fitted luxuriously, and the traveller can go in them all the way from Hangchau to Chinghu, with later references to Fortune’s journey from Ningpo to the Bohea country of Fo-kien."

Canton, China

"…the portage from Chang-shan to Yuh-shan was passed by the English and Dutch embassies on their journeys from Hang-chau to Canton."

Sien-hia Pass, Pu-chêng, China

"Here one hires chairs and coolies for the journey over the Sien-hia Pass to Pu-chêng in Fuhkien."

Fuchow Prefecture, China

"At the commencement of the present dynasty the custom of burning the dead appears to have been pretty general in the Fuchow Prefecture; it was even a subject of petition by the gentry."

Tsung-ngan-hien, Fo-kien, China

"On the other route followed by Mr. Fortune, after descending the river from Hokeu, it strikes south-east across the mountains to Tsung-ngan-hien in Fo-kien."

Chuchu, Kiang-si, China

"…the other route’s last town passed on that side is Chuchu, which is described as a small poor town."

Lung-yin, China

"According to Mr. Phillips, “Eighty-five li beyond Lan-ki hien is Lung-yin, a place not mentioned by Polo.”"

Kiang-shan, Fo-kien, China

"…but ninety li beyond Chü-chau, on the road to Pu-chêng, is Kiang-shan, a district city which is the last one in this direction."

Zaitun, Fo-kien, China

"Regarding the burning of the dead, Mr. Phillips quotes a notice by M. Jaubert: “The town of Zaitun is situated half a day’s journey inland from the sea. At the place where the ships anchor, the water is fresh… Zaitun is 30 days’ journey from Khanbaligh.”"

Khanbaligh, China

"In the same notice it is mentioned that “Zaitun is 30 days’ journey from Khanbaligh.”"

Tsien-tang, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China

"forming the special districts of Hang-Chau itself, now called Tsien-tang"

Tang-wei-tang, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China

"was formerly called Tang-wei-tang."

Kinsay, China

"the kingdom of Kinsay"

Fuzhou, Fujian, China

"15 miles further bring him to Fuju."

Fuzhou, Fujian, China

"you come to the city of Kelinfu, a very great and noble city, belonging to the Great Kaan."

Firando (P’hing-hu), China

"7th Month. The entire fleet arrived at the Island of Firando (P’hing-hu), and passed thence to Goriosan (Ulungshan)."

Zayton, Fujian, China

"In the itinerary: … Fuju (Fu-chau), Zayton (Kayten, Hai-t’au), Zayton (Ts’iuen-chau), Tyunju (Tek-hwa)."

Fu-chau, China

"I formerly rejected Shao-hing and looked rather to Fu-yang as the representative of Tanpiju, though later opinions were divided between Fu-yang and Shao-hing."

Lan-ts’ang Kiang, Tibet, China

"Fortune, in his Wanderings in China, vol. ii. p. 139, calls Lan-Khi, Nan-Che-hien, and says: “It is built on the banks of the river, and has a picturesque hill behind it.”"

Kien-ch’ang Valley, Yunnan, China

"Both from Pu-chêng on the former route, and from near Tsung-ngan on the latter, the waters are navigable down to Kien-ning fu and so to Fu-chau."

Ching-hoang, Kinsay, China

"Twenty li from Kiang-shan is Ching-hu, the head of the navigation of the T’sien-T’ang river, where travellers hire chairs and coolies for the onward journey."

Cuju, Kinsay, China

"On leaving Cuju, which is the last city of the kingdom of Kinsay"

Manzi, China

"… subject to the Great Kaan … and you have heard all the truth about Cathay and Manzi and many other countries"

Cathay, China

"you have heard all the truth about Cathay and Manzi and many other countries"

Zayton, Fujian, China

"you arrive at the very great and noble city of Zayton, which is also subject to Fuju. At this city you must know is the Haven of Zayton, frequented by all the ships of India"

Alexandria, Egypt

"for one shipload of pepper that goes to Alexandria or elsewhere, destined for Christendom"

Isles of the Indies, Southeast Asia

"merchants who traffic about the Isles of the Indies"

Chinchew, Fujian, China

"when you leave the city of Chinchew for Changchau, which lies in a south-westerly, not a south-easterly direction"

Changchow, Fujian, China

"which lies in a south-westerly, not a south-easterly direction, you cross the river by a handsome bridge, and travelling for five days by way of Tung-an, locally Tang-oa, you arrive at Changchau."

Tong'an, Fujian, China

"traveling for five days by way of Tung-an, locally Tang-oa"

Yenping, Fujian, China

"Going down stream from Kien-Ning, we arrive first at Yen-Ping on the Min Main River."

Yiu-Ki, Fujian, China

"at a distance of eighty li, is Yiu-Ki city, where travellers disembark for the land journey to Yung-chun and Chinchew."

Yongchun, Fujian, China

"for the land journey to Yung-chun and Chinchew."

Tsin-tsun, Fujian, China

"from Tsin-tsun, near Tsun-ngan-hien, Fortune says he could have reached Fu-chau in four days by boat."

Tsun-ngan-hien, Fujian, China

"near Tsun-ngan-hien, Fortune says he could have reached Fu-chau in four days by boat."

Xiamen, Fujian, China

"down to 1862 went direct from Amoy."

Hong Kong, China

"sent to India by steamers via Hong-Kong."

Upper India, India

"Many come hither from Upper India to have their bodies painted with the needle."

Bohea Mountains, Jiangxi, China

"Scene in the Bohea Mountains, on Polo’s route between Kiang-si and Fo-kien."

Jiangxi, China

"on Polo’s route between Kiang-si and Fo-kien."

Fujian, China

"on Polo’s route between Kiang-si and Fo-kien."

Cugiu, Fujian, China

"assuming that Cugiu was Fortune’s Chuchu at the western base of the Bohea mountains"

Fuzhou, Fujian, China

"Mr. G. Phillips has tried to prove that Polo’s Fuju is not Fu-chau (Foochow is his spelling), but T’swan-chau."

Chinkang, Fujian, China

"Dr. Douglas has suggested Chinkang, and T’swan-kok, i.e. “Kingdom of T’swan” (chau), as possible explanations of Chonka."

Shanxi, China

"It is produced in Shan-si, Fo-kien, and Kwang-tung"

Guangdong, China

"It is produced in Shan-si, Fo-kien, and Kwang-tung"

Babylonia, Iraq

"some men of Babylonia who happened to be at the Court proceeded to this city and taught the people to refine the sugar with the ashes of certain trees"

Cairo, Egypt

"The Babylonia of the passage from Ramusio is Cairo,—Babylon of Egypt, the sugar of which was very famous in the Middle Ages."

Haiteu, Fujian, China

"Martini does show a fort called Haiteu at the mouth of the Min"

Fo-kien, China

"The Laurus (or Cinnamomum) Camphora, a large timber tree, grows abundantly in Fo-kien. A description of the manner in which camphor is produced..."

Canton, China

"Fo-kien alone has been known to send to Canton in one year 4000 piculs (of 133⅓ lbs. each), but the average is 2500 to 3000."

Java, Indonesia

"For in like manner Friar Odoric calls Java “the second best of all Islands that exist”."

Shen-si, China

"and Kansan (or Shen-si) the “second best province in the world, and the best populated.”"

Jerusalem, Israel

"Zaitún commended itself to Arabian ears, being the Arabic for an olive‐tree (whence Jerusalem is called Zaitúniyah)"

T’swan-chau, Fo-kien, China

"Zayton, as Martini and Deguignes conjectured, is T’swan-chau fu, or Chwan-chau fu (written by French scholars Thsiouan-tchéou-fou), often called in our charts, etc., Chinchew, a famous seaport of Fo-kien about 100 miles in a straight line S.W. by S. of Fu-chau."

Fuzo, Fo-kien, China

"Thence I passed eastward to a certain city called Fuzo.... The city is a mighty fine one, and standeth upon the sea."

Fu-chau, China

"Chinchew, a famous seaport of Fo-kien about 100 miles in a straight line S.W. by S. of Fu-chau."

Chang-chia, Salar pa-kun, Gansu, China

"But Mr. Phillips, in his paper on Changchow, the Capital of Fuhkien in Mongol Times, asserted that by Chincheo modern Spaniards and Portuguese designated (not T’swan-chau but) Chang-chau, a great city 60 miles W.S.W. of T’swan-chau, on a river entering Amoy Harbour."

Min River, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

"There flows through the middle of this city a great river, which is about a mile in width."

Wu-hu, China

"from Hokeu to the Wu-e-shan and then five and a half days by water to Fu-chau."

Yung-Chia Chong, Sichuan, China

"the nearest point to Foochow where sugar is made in any great quantity is Yung-Foo, a place quite out of Polo’s route."

Hokeu, Jiangxi, China

"six days from Hokeu to the Wu-e-shan and then five and a half days by water to Fu-chau."

Unken, Fo-kien, China

"in the last of those three days’ journey, when you have gone 15 miles you find a city called Unken, where there is an immense quantity of sugar made."

Tyunju, Fo-kien, China

"in this province there is a town called Tyunju, where they make vessels of porcelain of all sizes"

T’swan-chau, Fo-kien, China

"Dr. Douglas has suggested Chinkang, and T’swan-kok, i.e. “Kingdom of T’swan” (chau), as possible explanations of Chonka."

Ningbo, China

"the name applied by F. M. Pinto and the old Portuguese to Ningpo."

Amoy Harbour, Fo-kien, China

"the whole northern shore of Amoy Harbour, with the Islands of Amoy and Quemoy, are within the Fu or Department of T’swan-chau"

Quemoy, Fo-kien, China

"with the Islands of Amoy and Quemoy, are within the Fu or Department of T’swan-chau"

'An-hai, Fo-kien, China

"or by using the shorter sea-passage to ’An-hai, which was once a port of great trade, and is only 20 miles from T’swan-chau."

Bijánagar, India

"‘The King [of Bijánagar] ... was clothed in a robe of zaitún satin.’ (Elliot, IV. p. 113)"

Jau-chau fu, Kiang-si, China

"or rather its chief mart Jau-chau fu on the P’o-yang Lake"

P’o-yang Lake, Kiang-si, China

"on the P’o-yang Lake"

Ts’üan-chou, Fo-kien, China

"the province of Fu-kien, the capital of which was Ts’üan-chou"

Kuang-chou, China

"Wen-chou and Kuang-chou as seaports for foreign trade in the Mongol time."

Haiteng, Fo-kien, China

"Mr. Phillips also maintains that Chang-chau, or rather its port, a place formerly called Gehkong and now Haiteng, is Zayton."

Sumatra, Indonesia

"Every year there go thither from Sumatra 60,000 cantars of pepper, and 15,000 or 20,000 from Cochin and Malabar, worth 15 to 20 ducats a cantar;"

Sunda, Indonesia

"Os portos principaes do Reyno da Sunda são Banta, Aché, Xacatara, por outro nome Caravão"

Banta, Sunda, Indonesia

"Os portos principaes do Reyno da Sunda são Banta, Aché, Xacatara, por outro nome Caravão"

Aché, Indonesia

"Os portos principaes do Reyno da Sunda são Banta, Aché, Xacatara, por outro nome Caravão"

Xacatara (Caravão), Indonesia

"Os portos principaes do Reyno da Sunda são Banta, Aché, Xacatara, por outro nome Caravão"

Kinsay, China

"This is inconsistent with his former statements as to the supreme wealth of Kinsay. But with Marco the subject in hand is always pro magnifico. Marco Polo’s names thus Kinsay"

Calcutta, India

"…as a polite literary epithet, somewhat like 'City of Palaces' applied to Calcutta."

Canton, China

"Giovanni did not get to Zayton; but two years later he got to Canton with Fernão Perez, was sent ashore as Factor, and a few days after died of fever."

Ningpo, China

"The way in which Botero, a compiler in the latter part of the 16th century, speaks of Zayton as between Canton and Liampo (Ningpo), and exporting immense quantities of porcelain, salt and sugar, looks as if he had before him modern information as to the place."

Ganhai, China

"Martini says of Ganhai (’An-Hai or Ngan-Hai), “Ingens hic mercium ac Sinensium navium copia est …”"

Amoy, China

"Martini says of Ganhai (’An-Hai or Ngan-Hai), “Ingens hic mercium ac Sinensium navium copia est ... ex his (’Anhai and Amoy) in totam Indiam merces avehuntur.”"

Chinchew River, China

"Dr. Douglas assures me that the cut at p. 245 is an excellent view of the entrance to the S. channel of the Chang-chau River, though I derived it from a professed view of the mouth of the Chinchew River."

Siam, Thailand

"In a modern Chinese geographical work abstracted by Mr. Laidlay, we are told that the great river of Tsim-lo, or Siam, “penetrates to a branch of the Hwang-Ho.”"

Hwang-Ho, China

"In a modern Chinese geographical work abstracted by Mr. Laidlay, we are told that the great river of Tsim-lo, or Siam, “penetrates to a branch of the Hwang-Ho.”"

Japan, Asia

"BOOK THIRD. JAPAN, THE ARCHIPELAGO, SOUTHERN INDIA, AND THE COASTS AND ISLANDS OF THE INDIAN SEA"

Southern India, India

"BOOK THIRD. JAPAN, THE ARCHIPELAGO, SOUTHERN INDIA, AND THE COASTS AND ISLANDS OF THE INDIAN SEA"

Indian Sea, Indian Ocean

"BOOK THIRD. JAPAN, THE ARCHIPELAGO, SOUTHERN INDIA, AND THE COASTS AND ISLANDS OF THE INDIAN SEA"

Indian Archipelago, Indian Ocean

"The Kaan’s Fleet passing through the Indian Archipelago."

Canton, China

"Pine [Pinus sinensis] is [still] the staple timber for ship‐building both at Canton and in Fo‐kien. There is a very large export of it from Fu‐chau..."

Fo-kien, China

"Pine [Pinus sinensis] is [still] the staple timber for ship‐building both at Canton and in Fo‐kien."

Fu-chau, China

"There is a very large export of it from Fu-chau, and even the chief fuel at that city is from a kind of fir."

Cathay, China

"Friar Jordanus:—“The vessels which they navigate to Cathay be very big..."

Chipangu, Japan

"Chipangu is an Island towards the east in the high seas, 1500 miles distant from the Continent; and a very great Island it is."

Tsushima, Japan

"in 1274, he sent a fleet of 300 vessels with 15,000 men against Japan. This was defeated near the Island of Tsushima..."

King City, California

"it is possible that Murray is right in supposing the place intended in these to be really King-tê chên in Kiang-si, the great seat of the manufacture of genuine porcelain"

Amoy, China

"Even now much of the trade of T’swan-chau merchants is carried on through Amoy, either by junks touching, or by using the shorter sea-passage to ’An-hai"

Chang-chia, Salar pa-kun, Gansu, China

Wen-chow, Zhejiang, China

"We meet further the names of Wen-chou and Kuang-chou as seaports for foreign trade in the Mongol time."

Cochin, Kerala, India

"from Sumatra 60,000 cantars of pepper, and 15,000 or 20,000 from Cochin and Malabar, worth 15 to 20 ducats a cantar;"

Goriosan (Ulungshan), China

"and passed thence to Goriosan (Ulungshan)."

Caspar Straits, China

"In February, 1822, Captain Pearl, of the English ship Indiana, coming through Caspar Straits, fell in with the cargo and crew of a wrecked junk..."

Amoy, China

"with whom she had left Amoy, whom he landed at Pontianak."

Pontianak, Indonesia

"whom he landed at Pontianak."

Kŏje Harbor, Kyŭng-sang Province, Korea

"They proceeded by the way of Kŏje Harbor in Kyŭng-sang Province, but were driven back by a fierce storm..."

Java, Indonesia

"Conti also describes the practice in Java."

Sumatra, Indonesia

"the Malays of Sumatra, too, have great faith in the efficacy of certain “stones, which they pretend are extracted from reptiles, birds, animals, etc., in preventing them from being wounded.”"

Koryŭ, Korea

"Arriving in Koryŭ they delivered this message to the king..."

Peking, China

"and the king sent the Mongol envoys back to Peking."

Zayton, Fujian, China

"Cublay, the Grand Kaan ... from the ports of Zayton and Kinsay, and put out to sea."

Satsuma, Japan

"Note 4.—Kaempfer speaks of pearls being found in considerable numbers, chiefly about Satsuma, and in the Gulf of Omura, in Kiusiu."

Gulf of Omura, Kiusiu, Japan

"Note 4.—Kaempfer speaks of pearls being found in considerable numbers, chiefly about Satsuma, and in the Gulf of Omura, in Kiusiu."

Kiusiu, Japan

"Note 4.—... in the Gulf of Omura, in Kiusiu."

Kyōtō, Japan

"they actually had their deputy governors at Kyōtō..."

Kyūshū, Japan

"while their liege lords, the Shōguns, ... had their deputy governors in Kyūshū in the south‐west."

Kama Kura, Japan

"Fosiono Toki Mune, who resided at Kama Kura, ordered troops to assemble at Tsukuzi, and sent ... detachments to Miyako..."

Tsukuzi, Japan

"Fosiono Toki Mune, who resided at Kama Kura, ordered troops to assemble at Tsukuzi (Tsikouzen of Alcock’s Map)..."

Miyako, Japan

"and sent ... detachments to Miyako to guard the Dairi and the Togou."

Fakata, Japan

"The Mongols were totally defeated... and conducted to Fakata (the Fokouoka of Alcock’s Map, but Fakatta in Kaempfer’s), and there put to death."

Ize, Japan

"When informed of their preparations, the Dairi sent ambassadors to Ize and other temples to invoke the gods."

Zorza (Chorcha?), Unknown

"Note 2.—Ram. says he was sent to a certain island called Zorza (Chorcha?), where men who have failed in duty are put to death in this manner: They wrap the arms of the victim in the hide of a newly flayed buffalo, and sew it tight..."

Ts’wan-chau, China

"when one embarks at Ts’wan-chau and goes southward, he first comes to Champa and afterwards to this country."

Champa, Vietnam

"he first comes to Champa and afterwards to this country. Also, when you leave Chamba and sail for 700 miles on a course between south and south‐west, you arrive at two Islands..."

Po-yeh, Chih-li province, China

"appointed Shih-pi, a native of Po-yeh, district Li-chau, Pao-ting fu, Chih-li province"

Ts’ai-chau, Ho-nan, China

"and Kau-Hsing, a man from Ts’ai-chau (Ho-nan)"

Java, Indonesia

"in the eastern part of the island Java, whose country was called Java par excellence by the Chinese"

Tumapel, Java, Indonesia

"The prince guilty of this insult was the King of Tumapel in the eastern part of the island Java"

Pulo Condore, Vietnam

"There is no reason to doubt that these islands are the group now known as that of Pulo Condore... The group is now held by the French under Saigon. The chief island is known to the Chinese as the mountain of Kunlun."

Locac, Thailand

"and then we find another country which is called Locac. It is a good country and a rich; [it is on the mainland]; and it has a king of its own."

Strait of Singapore, Singapore

"throughout this distance there is but four paces’ depth of water… the passage in question is the Strait of Singapore, or as the old navigators called it, the Straits of Gobernador"

Bintan, Indonesia

"Pentam, or as in Ram. Pentan, is no doubt the Bintang of our maps, more properly Bentăn, a considerable Island at the eastern extremity of the Straits of Malacca."

Singhapura, Singapore

"you come to an Island which forms a Kingdom, and is called Malaiur. The people have a King of their own, and great trade is carried on there. Singhapura was founded by an emigration from Palembang..."

Majapahit, Java, Indonesia

"the sovereigns reigning at Majapahit in Java"

Palembang, Indonesia

"Palembang, according to the Commentaries of Alboquerque, was called by the Javanese Malayo, and in Valentyn we find it stated that the Malay people dwelt on the River Malayu in the Kingdom of Palembang"

Johore, Malaysia

"and Mahomed Shah, the loser, reigned 2 years in Johore after the loss of his capital"

Malacca, Malaysia

"I omit Malacca entirely from consideration, because the evidence appears to me conclusive against the existence of Malacca at this time"

Cochinchina, Vietnam

"visited by Mr. John Crawford on his mission to Cochin China where the inhabitants were of Cochin Chinese descent"

Kamboja, Cambodia

"the conquests of this prince extended eastward to the 'Royal Lake,' apparently the Great Lake of Kamboja; and Kamboja had at an earlier date possessed the lower valley of the Menam"

Udong, Cambodia

"the ruins of which exist near Udong"

Luang Prabang, Laos

"mentioned as Lanchang (or Luang Prabang) in the list of Siamese or Laotian countries"

Ayutthaya, Thailand

"mentioned among the Siamese or Laotian countries (Yuthia) and later as the new city founded which became the Siamese monarchy"

Tanintharyi, Myanmar

"mentioned among the Siamese or Laotian countries as Tennasserim"

Kinsay, China

"Cublay, the Grand Kaan ... from the ports of Zayton and Kinsay, and put out to sea."

Sukhothai, Thailand

"Sukkothai is mentioned as one of the Siamese countries"

Pichalok, Thailand

"mentioned among the Siamese or Laotian countries as Pichalok"

Lagong, Thailand

"mentioned among the Siamese or Laotian countries as Lagong"

Chiang Mai, Thailand

"referred to as Zimmé (or Kiang-mai)"

Lophaburi, Thailand

"noted as Lophāburi (or Lavó, Louvo), a very ancient capital near Ayuthia"

Ligor, Thailand

"Mr. G Phillips supposes the name Locac to be Ligor, or rather Lakhon, as the Siamese call it"

Batam, Indonesia

"and the Islands of Bintang and Batang on the one side of the Straits of Singapore"

Vientiane, Laos

"his dominions extended from Vieng-chan on the Mekong River (lat. 18°)"

Phetchaburi, Thailand

"extended from Vieng-chan on the Mekong River to Pechabur on the coast of the Gulf of Siam"

Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand

"and Srī-Thammarat (i.e. Ligór, in lat. 8° 18′) on the coast of the Gulf of Siam"

Sumatra, Indonesia

"Java the Less is the Island of Sumatra. Here there is no exaggeration in the dimension assigned to its circuit, which is about 2300 miles. The old Arabs of the 9th century give it a circuit of 800 parasangs, or say 2800 miles..."

Pagaroyang, Menang-kabau

"For the oldest inscription of ascertained date in the Archipelago which has yet been read, a Sanskrit one from Pagaroyang, the capital of the ancient Malay state of Menang-kabau in the heart of Sumatra, bearing a date equivalent to A.D. 656..."

Pacen, Sumatra

"Indeed in Malombra’s Ptolemy (Venice, 1574), I find the next city of Sumatra beyond Pacen marked as Pulaca."

Pulaca, Sumatra

"Indeed in Malombra’s Ptolemy (Venice, 1574), I find the next city of Sumatra beyond Pacen marked as Pulaca."

Campar, Sumatra

"There are wild elephants in the country, and... lign-aloes or eagle-wood is a product of Sumatra, and is or was very abundant in Campar on the eastern coast."

Perla, Sumatra

"…while the river and town of Perla, about 32 miles south of that point, indicate, I have little doubt, the site of the old capital."

Mount Ophir, West Sumatra

"[Dr. Schlegel writes to me that according to the Malay Dictionary of Von de Wall and Van der Tuuk, ii. 414–415, Polo’s Basman is the Arab pronunciation of Pasĕman, the modern Ophir in West Sumatra; Gūnung Pasĕman is Mount Ophir.]"

Pedir, Sumatra

"Giov. d’Empoli also mentions them at Pedir in the beginning of the 16th century;"

Sumbawa, Indonesia

"…in after-days, when the name of Sumatra for the Great Island had established itself, the traditional term “Little Java” sought other applications. Barbosa seems to apply it to Sumbawa; Pigafetta and Cavendish apply it to Bali..."

Bali, Indonesia

"Pigafetta and Cavendish apply it to Bali..."

Malacca, Malaysia

"Somewhat later Pasei was a great and famous city. Majapahit, Malacca, and Pasei being reckoned the three great cities of the Archipelago."

Pasei, Sumatra

"Somewhat later Pasei was a great and famous city. Majapahit, Malacca, and Pasei being reckoned the three great cities of the Archipelago."

Tenasserim, Myanmar

"Both this and spikenard are mentioned by Polo’s contemporary, Kazwini, among the products of Java (probably Sumatra)... The Ain-i-Akbari says this article was usually brought to India from Achin and Tenasserim."

Arakan, Myanmar

"I have seen it in the Arakan forests as high as 19° 20′; one was taken not long since near Chittagong;"

Chittagong, Bangladesh

"I have seen it in the Arakan forests as high as 19° 20′; one was taken not long since near Chittagong;"

Assam, India

"Mr. Blyth tells me a stray one has been seen in Assam or its borders."

China, Asia

"Ibn Khordâdhbeh says (De Goeje’s Transl. p. 47) that rhinoceros is to be found in Kâmeroun (Assam), which borders on China."

Kâmeroun, Assam

"Ibn Khordâdhbeh says (De Goeje’s Transl. p. 47) that rhinoceros is to be found in Kâmeroun (Assam), which borders on China."

St. Denis, France

"John Evelyn mentions among the curiosities kept in the Treasury at St. Denis: “A faire unicorne’s horn, sent by a K. of Persia, about 7 foote long.”"

Venice, Italy

"Indeed in Malombra’s Ptolemy (Venice, 1574), I find the next city of Sumatra beyond Pacen marked as Pulaca."

India, South Asia

"…for nowhere in India nor anywhere else in the world were there ever men seen so small as these pretended pygmies."

Arabia, Middle East

"A Malay chronicle of Achin dates the accession of the first Mahomedan king of that state, the nearest point of Sumatra to India and Arabia."

Ceylon, Sri Lanka

"…and is not in the least like that which our stories tell of as being caught in the lap of a virgin; in fact, ’tis altogether different from what we fancied. … and identical with that of Ceylon."

Persia, Iran

"John Evelyn mentions among the curiosities kept in the Treasury at St. Denis: “A faire unicorne’s horn, sent by a K. of Persia, about 7 foote long.”"

Liège, Belgium

"… Professor F. Liebrecht of Liège"

Majapahit, Java, Indonesia

"Somewhat later Pasei was a great and famous city. Majapahit, Malacca, and Pasei being reckoned the three great cities of the Archipelago."

Diamond Point, Sumatra, Indonesia

"The native name, Tanjong (i.e. Cape) Parlák of the N.E. horn of Sumatra, called by European seamen 'Diamond Point"

Achin, Sumatra, Indonesia

"A Malay chronicle of Achin dates the accession of the first Mahomedan king of that state, the nearest point of Sumatra to India and Arabia..."

Malay Peninsula, Southeast Asia

"…and the Semangs or Negritoes of the Malay Peninsula are said to destroy him: “This animal ... is found frequently in marshy places, with its whole body immersed in the mud, and part of the head only visible....”"

Missouri, United States

"An American writer professes to have discovered in Missouri the fossil remains of a bogged mastodon, which had been killed precisely in this way by human contemporaries. (See Lubbock, Preh. Times, 2d ed. 279.)"

Sumatra, Indonesia

"See Anderson’s Mission to East Coast of Sumatra, pp. 229, 233 and map. The Ferlec of Polo was identified by Valentyn. (Sumatra, in vol. v. p. 21.)"

Ceylon, Sri Lanka

"[3] The elephant of India has 6 true ribs and 13 false ribs, that of Sumatra and Ceylon has 6 true and 14 false."

India, South Asia

"[3] The elephant of India has 6 true ribs and 13 false ribs, that of Sumatra and Ceylon has 6 true and 14 false."

Chittagong, Bangladesh

"[2] Since this engraving was made a fourth species has been established, Rhin. lasyotis, found near Chittagong."

Taprobana, Sri Lanka

"When visited early in the next century by Nicolo Conti, we are told that he “went to a fine city of the island of Taprobana, which island is called by the natives Shamuthera.”"

Lisbon, Portugal

"A curious letter respecting the Portuguese discoveries, written from Lisbon in 1515, by a German, Valentine Moravia, ..."

Malacca, Malaysia

"The most distinct mention that I know of the city so called, in the Portuguese period, occurs in the soi-disant “Voyage which Juan Serano made when he fled from Malacca,” in 1512..."

Luzon, Philippines

"Again ‘from Pa-si, Malacca, to Luzon, they swept the seas, and all the other nations were afraid of them.’"

Bengal, India

"…a small tribe called Birhōrs, existing in the wildest parts of Chota Nagpúr and Jashpúr, west of Bengal…"

Chota Nagpúr, India

"…a small tribe called Birhōrs, existing in the wildest parts of Chota Nagpúr and Jashpúr, west of Bengal…"

Jashpúr, India

"…a small tribe called Birhōrs, existing in the wildest parts of Chota Nagpúr and Jashpúr, west of Bengal…"

Aru Islands, Indonesia

"…and to Wallace of some of the Aru Island tribes near New Guinea..."

New Guinea, Papua New Guinea

"…and to Wallace of some of the Aru Island tribes near New Guinea..."

Arakan, Myanmar

"…and to Wallace of some of the wild tribes adjoining Arakan;..."

Siam, Thailand

"Polo’s description of the wine‐pots of Samara hung on the trees... it seems more likely that Samara is Siam (still pronounced Shumuro in Japan, and Siamlo in Hakka)..."

Canton, China

"The Chinese also have their tailed men in the mountains above Canton."

Tidore, Maluku, Indonesia

"And the King of Tidore told him of another such tribe on the Isle of Batochina."

Batochina, Maluku, Indonesia

"… on the Isle of Batochina."

Calcutta, India

"This Borneo story has lately been brought forward in Calcutta, and stoutly maintained, on native evidence, by an English merchant."

Africa

"In Africa there have been many such stories, of some of which an account will be found in the Bulletin de la Soc. de Géog. sér. IV. tom. iii. p. 31."

Trebizond, Turkey

"It was a story among mediæval Mahomedans that the members of the Imperial House of Trebizond were endowed with short tails..."

Purbandar, Gujarat, India

"The Princes of Purbandar, in the Peninsula of Guzerat, claim descent from the monkey‐god Hanumán..."

Pasuri, Sumatra, Indonesia

"The place is called in the Shijarat Malayu, Pasuri, a name which the Arabs certainly made into Fansúri..."

Lambri, Sumatra, Indonesia

"When you leave the Island of Java (the less) and the kingdom of Lambri, you sail north about 150 miles..."

Haru, Sumatra, Indonesia

"Then they sailed on till they reached Haru (see on my map Aru on the East Coast), which did likewise."

Samudra, Sumatra, Indonesia

"… after converting that place went on to Samudra, where they converted Mara Silu the King."

Achin, Sumatra, Indonesia

"… a little down the west coast from Achin; and later, a small island off Achin Head is referenced."

Selangor, Malaysia

"… after clearing the shoals near Selangore, being direct towards Diamond Point..."

Diamond Point, Sumatra, Indonesia

"… being direct towards Diamond Point, near which the tower of Perlak is situated."

Perlak, Sumatra, Indonesia

"… near which the tower of Perlak is situated; later, Perlak is included among the six kingdoms mentioned by Marco Polo."

Gauenispola, Sumatra, Indonesia

"… the very small Island called Gauenispola, whose name has disappeared from modern maps but is traceable in 16th–17th century charts."

Pulo Nankai, Sumatra, Indonesia

"… a small island off Achin Head, outside of which lie the somewhat larger Islands of Pulo Nankai (or Nási)..."

Pulo Bras, Sumatra, Indonesia

"… outside of which lie the somewhat larger Islands of Pulo Bras..."

Pulo Wai, Sumatra, Indonesia

"… whilst Pulo Wai lies further east."

Gomes Polo, Sumatra, Indonesia

"… within sight of the Islands of Gomes Polo, as noted on early navigational charts."

Kochi, Kerala, India

"… describing the course from Cochin to Malacca..."

Malacca, Malaysia

"… describing the course from Cochin to Malacca..."

Singapore, Singapore

"… Mr. Thomson writes that Malaiur is no other than Singapore, the ancient capital of the Malays or Malaiurs of old voyagers."

Andaman Islands, India

"… here Marco speaks of the remarkable population of the Andaman Islands — Oriental negroes in the lowest state of barbarism..."

Oxford, England

"… including ten MSS. of the Greek Text in various libraries at Oxford."

Quanzhou, Fujian, China

"In the time of the Sung Dynasty ships from T’swan-chau (or Zayton) bound for Tashi, or Arabia, used to sail in forty days..."

Malabar, Kerala, India

"After sailing from Malabar the first place the party arrived at was Pasuri, the people of which embraced Islam."

Arabia, Middle East

"In the time of the Sung Dynasty ships ... sailing again when the wind became fair, they reached Arabia in sixty days."

Angamanain, Andaman Islands, India

"Concerning the Island of Angamanain. Angamanain is a very large Island. Its inhabitants are described in vivid, if rather savage, detail."

Trinkat, Nicobar Islands, India

"… Trinkat and Nancouri are the islands which were guilty in the massacre of vessel crews, as recounted by Colonel Man."

Nancouri, Nicobar Islands, India

"… Trinkat and Nancouri are the islands which were guilty in the massacre of vessel crews."

Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India

"… natives from the former island, who were on a visit to Port Blair, provided corroboration of local events."

Ceylon, Sri Lanka

"… as Hiuen Tsang relates, the Nicobars lie a thousand li to the south of Ceylon, where the islands’ inhabitants live on coconuts."

Formosa, Taiwan

"In the wholesale rates table for camphor qualities, Formosa is listed with a price of 25 dollars per picul."

Angamanain, Andaman Islands, India

"When you leave the Island of Angamanain and sail about a thousand miles in a direction a little south of west, you come to the Island of Seilan, which is in good sooth the best Island of its size in the world."

Seilan, Sri Lanka

"CHAPTER XIV. Concerning the Island of Seilan. When you leave the Island of Angamanain ... you come to the Island of Seilan, which is in good sooth the best Island of its size in the world."

Andaman Islands, India

"Cesare Federici, in Ramusio, speaks of the terrible fate of crews wrecked on the Andamans; all such were killed and eaten by the natives, who refused all intercourse with strangers."

Nicobar Islands, India

"His next group of Islands is the Barussae, which seems again to be the Lankha Bálús ... since these are certainly the Nicobars."

Dambadeniya, Sri Lanka

"The native king at this time was Pandita Prakrama Bahu III., who reigned from 1267 to 1301 at Dambadenia, about 40 miles north‐north‐east of Columbo."

Colombo, Sri Lanka

"The native king at this time was Pandita Prakrama Bahu III., who reigned ... about 40 miles north‐north‐east of Columbo."

Pulicat, Tamil Nadu, India

"the Coromandel Brahmans used to say that the Rákshasas or Demons had their abode on the Island of Andaman lying on the route from Pulicat to Pegu."

Pegu, Myanmar

"the Coromandel Brahmans used to say that the Rákshasas or Demons had their abode on the Island of Andaman lying on the route from Pulicat to Pegu."

Car Nicobar, India

"and a paper in the Asiatic Researches mentions a tradition to the same effect as existing on the Car Nicobar."

Arakan, Myanmar

"Ibn Batuta describes an Indo‐Chinese tribe on the coast of Arakan or Pegu as having dogs’ mouths, but says the women were beautiful."

Cambaluc, China

"And when they drew near to the great city of Cambaluc, where the Great Kaan was staying, they sent him word that they had brought back that for which he had sent them."

Adam’s Peak, Sri Lanka

"There is a mention of a lofty mountain with a sepulchre, associated with Adam, detailed in the notes on Adam’s Peak."

Narkandam, Andaman Islands, India

"a strange weird‐looking island, a steep and regular volcanic cone, which rises covered with forest to a height of 2150 feet ... bears the name Narkandam, in which one cannot but recognise नरक, Narak, “Hell”; perhaps Naraka-kuṇḍam, “a pit of hell.”"

Magadha, India

"… betakes himself to the forests of Magadha, where he passes seven years in extreme asceticism."

Kusinára, India

"… Sakya was 80 years of age when he died under the sál trees in Kusinára."

Venice, Italy

"… published in Romaic at Venice in 1541; a copy before me is printed at Venice in 1865."

Manilla, Philippines

"… one in the Tagal language of the Philippines was printed at Manilla in 1712."

Gandhára, Pakistan

"… the second [to] the capital of Gandhára;"

Kalinga, India

"… the third [to] Kalinga; the left canine tooth of the Buddha is related to have been preserved in Kalinga."

Pesháwar, Pakistan

"… the Pâtra from Pesháwar, according to a remarkable note by Sir Henry Rawlinson."

Cambaluc, China

"… Marco’s narrative of the Great Kaan’s reception of the Ceylon reliques at Cambaluc."

Isle of Salsette, Baçaim

"… As I was travelling in the Isle of Salsette, and went to see that rare and admirable Pagoda (which we call the Canará Pagoda)…"

Balkh, Afghanistan

"… Other teeth of Buddha were shown in Hiuen Tsang’s time at Balkh."

Jalalabad, Afghanistan

"… at Nagarahára (or Jalálábád)"

Kashmir, India

"… in Kashmir,"

Kanauj, India

"… and at Kanauj."

Pegu, Myanmar

"… The King of Pegu, who then reigned, probably the most powerful and wealthy monarch..."

Goa, India

"… the Portuguese got possession of it and took it to Goa."

Kandahár, Afghanistan

"… is still preserved at Kandahár, under the name of Kashkul."

Sassanian Empire, Iran

"… in that part of the Sassanian Empire bordering on India, in fact Afghanistan."

Jerusalem, Israel

"… a monk of the convent of St. Saba, near Jerusalem"

Derby, England

"(Printed at Derby, 1847.)"

Palermo, Italy

"Here in Palermo is a church bearing the dedication Divo Iosaphat."

Japan, Asia

"In the camphor qualities table, Japan is listed with a price of 30 dollars per picul."

Seilan, Sri Lanka

"… I will go on to tell you about an Island called Seilan."

Kandy, Sri Lanka

"… is still shown in the Malagawa Vihara at Kandy."

Adam’s Peak, Sri Lanka

"no account of them. (Skeen’s Adam’s Peak, Ceylon, 1870, p. 226.)"

Dantapura, Indonesia

"… at Dantapura ('Odontopolis'), in Kalinga, generally supposed to be the modern Púri or Jagannáth."

Munich, Germany

"… Professor E. Kuhn, of Munich; and many MSS. kept in various libraries at Munich."

Paris, France

"… Professor Gaston Paris, in answer to Mr. Jacobs, writes (Poèmes et Lég. du Moyen Age, p. 213): … and in the Rev. de Paris."

Vienna, Austria

"… There are many MSS. of the Greek Text in Paris, Vienna, Munich, etc."

Mandalé, Myanmar

"… deposited within the walls of the palace at Mandalé, the new capital."

Burmah, Myanmar

"… In the 11th century King Anarauhta, of Burmah, sent a mission to Ceylon..."

Udipúr, India

"… as they stood before a famous temple of Mahádeo near Udipúr, invited him to enter and worship 'Father Adam."

Bagesar, Sarjú

"… Brahmans of Bagesar on the Sarjú identified Mahadeo and Parvati with Adam and Eve."

Java, Indonesia

"… A Malay MS., treating of the origines of Java, represents Brahma, Mahadeo, and Vishnu to be descendants of Adam through Seth."

Maabar, India

"enter the place where Messer St. Thomas is—I mean where his body lies, which is in a certain city of the province of Maabar."

Southern Mysore, India

"The people in this part of the country (Southern Mysore) consider the ox as a living god, who gives them bread; and in every village there are one or two bulls to whom weekly or monthly worship is performed."

Coromandel Coast, India

"It is entirely inapplicable to every part of the Coromandel coast, to which alone the name Ma’bar seems to have been given..."

Western Coast, India

"but it is quite true of the western coast generally."

Mul-Java, Gulf of Siam

"Ibn Batuta witnessed the suicidal feat at the Court of the Pagan King of Mul-Java (somewhere on the coast of the Gulf of Siam)..."

Kshíra, Bengal, India

"…had heard that an instrument for this purpose was formerly preserved at Kshíra, a village of Bengal near Nadiya."

Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, India

"according to a wild legend told at Ujjain, the great king Vikramajit was in the habit of cutting off his own head daily, as an offering to Devi..."

Tanjore, Tamil Nadu, India

"Pagoda at Tanjore."

Madura, India

"Mr. Nelson says of the Madura country: “The horse is a miserable, weedy, and vicious pony…"

Kais, Oman

"…that Malik-ul-Islám Jamáluddín and the merchants should embark every year from the island of Kais and land at Ma’bar…"

Hormuz, Iran

"Of the ports mentioned as exporting horses to India we have already made acquaintance with Kais and Hormuz…"

Dhofar, Oman

"of Dofar and Aden we shall hear further on;"

Aden, Yemen

"of Dofar and Aden we shall hear further on;"

Sohar, Oman

"Soer is Sohár, the former capital of Oman, and still a place of some little trade."

Cambay, Gujarat, India

"…10,000 horses were annually exported from these places to Ma’bar, Kambáyat, and other ports…"

Kátif, Saudi Arabia

"from all the isles of Persia, such as Kátif, Lahsá, Bahrein, Hormuz, and Kalhátú."

Lahsá, Iran

"from all the isles of Persia, such as Kátif, Lahsá, Bahrein, Hormuz, and Kalhátú."

Bahrein, Bahrain

"from all the isles of Persia, such as Kátif, Lahsá, Bahrein, Hormuz, and Kalhátú."

Kalhátú, Iran

"from all the isles of Persia, such as Kátif, Lahsá, Bahrein, Hormuz, and Kalhátú."

Peking, China

"round the great White Pagoda at Peking are 108 pillars for illumination;"

Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India

"Padre Tieffentaller mentions a like instrument at Prág (or Allahabad)."

Sind, Pakistan

"In the history of Sind called Chach Namah, the Hindus revile the Mahomedan invaders as Chandáls and cow-eaters."

Abyssinia, Ethiopia

"The Likamankwas of the Abyssinian kings, who in battle wear the same dress with their master..."

Russia

"The King of the Russians, in the tenth century, according to Ibn Fozlán, was attended by 400 followers bound by like vows."

Ceylon, Sri Lanka

"Kazwini ascribes it to Ceylon."

Bali, Indonesia

"…and is called in the island of Bali Bela, a term applied also to one kind of female Sati, probably from S. Bali, 'a sacrifice."

Mailapúr, Madras, India

"Note 1.—The little town where the body of St. Thomas lay was Mailapúr, the name of which is still applied to a suburb of Madras about 3½ miles south of Fort St. George."

Fort St. George, Madras, India

"Note 1.—… about 3½ miles south of Fort St. George."

Maabar, India

"The Body of Messer St. Thomas the Apostle lies in this province of Maabar at a certain little town having no great population."

Motupallé, Gantúr district, Madras Presidency, India

"Mutfili is, with the usual Arab modification (e.g. Perlec, Ferlec—Pattan, Faitan), a port called Motupallé, in the Gantúr district of the Madras Presidency, about 170 miles north of Fort St. George."

Hyderabad, India

"… then ruled by the Kákateya or Ganapati dynasty reigning at Warangol, north-east of Hyderabad."

Warangol, Telangana, India

"The proper territory of the Kingdom of Warangol lay inland, but the last reigning prince had made extensive conquests on the coast, including Nellore, and thence northward to the frontier of Orissa."

Ava, Burma

"… Mission to Ava, 136."

Madras, Tamil Nadu, India

"Mount, near Madras. (From Photograph.)"

Yung-Chia Chong, Sichuan, China

"[Captain Gill (River of Golden Sand, II. p. 341) at Yung-Ch’ang, speaking of the beads of a necklace..."

Vijayanagar, Karnataka, India

"But Barbosa briefly notices an institution like that described by Polo, in reference to the King of Narsinga, i.e. Vijayanagar."

Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India

"… including Nellore, and thence northward to the frontier of Orissa."

Orissa, India

"… and thence northward to the frontier of Orissa."

Goa, India

"The supposed relics were transferred to Goa, where they are still preserved in the Church of St. Thomas in that city."

Malabar, Kerala, India

"… he then preached in Malabar, and on the Coromandel Coast."

Coromandel Coast, India

"… and on the Coromandel Coast, where he died."

Soli, Maabar, India

"… he sends these Abraiaman merchants into the kingdom of Maabar called Soli, which is the best and noblest Province of India, and where the best pearls are found."

Tinnevelly, Tamil Nadu, India

"Note 5.—Dr. Caldwell, speaking of the devil-worship of the Shanars of Tinnevelly (an important part of Ma’bar)…"

Masulipatam, Andhra Pradesh, India

"Note 3.—Here buckram is clearly applied to fine cotton stuffs. The districts about Masulipatam were long famous both for muslins and for coloured chintzes…"

Albenigaras, Vijayanagar, India

"Nicolo Conti relates it of a mountain called Albenigaras, fifteen days’ journey in a northerly direction from Vijayanagar."

Siam, Thailand

"… extended through Bactria, etc., to China, “the States of the Great Mogul” (!) and Siam; he then revisited his first converts…"

China, Asia

"… extended through Bactria, etc., to China, “the States of the Great Mogul” (!) and Siam…"

Mesopotamia, Middle East

"… his preaching began in Mesopotamia, and extended through Bactria, etc…"

Bactria, Central Asia

"… his preaching began in Mesopotamia, and extended through Bactria, etc., to China…"

Brazil, South America

"… he then revisited his first converts, and passed into Germany, thence to Brazil, “as relates P. Emanuel Nobriga,” and from that to Ethiopia."

Germany, Europe

"… he then revisited his first converts, and passed into Germany, thence to Brazil…"

Ethiopia, Africa

"… and from that to Ethiopia."

Socotra, Yemen

"… converting Socotra as he passed…"

Pesháwar, Pakistan

"… a votive inscription found near Pesháwar, and now in the Lahore Museum, which appears to bear the name of the same King."

Lahore, Pakistan

"… a votive inscription found near Pesháwar, and now in the Lahore Museum, which appears to bear the name of the same King."

Edessa, Turkey

"… subsequent to the translation of the relics (real or supposed) to Edessa, in the year 394…"

Venice, Italy

"… and compares the church to that of St. John and St. Paul at Venice."

San Tomé, Madras, India

"… in 1522, under the Viceroyalty of Duarte Menezes, a commission was sent to Mailapúr, or San Tomé as they called it, to search for the body."

Calamina, Madras, India

"The Roman Martyrology calls the city of Martyrdom Calamina, but there is (I think) a fair presumption that the spot alluded to by Gregory of Tours was Mailapúr."

Malacca, Malaysia

"… que depois possuyo Dona Helena Vessiva, entre os Mangueiraes cavando ao fundo… discovering a cross in a small subterranean brick structure near Malaca."

Cail, Maabar

"Now I have told you about a great part of the people of the great Province of Maabar and their customs; but I have still other things to tell of this same Province of Maabar, so I will speak of a city thereof which is called Cail."

Lar-Desa, India

"What is said here of the Brahmans coming from “Lar, a province west of St. Thomas’s,” and the explanation that follows: Lar-Desa, 'The Country of Lár,' properly Láṭ-desa, was an early name for the territory of Guzerat and the northern Konkan."

St. Thomas, Kerala, India

"What is said here of the Brahmans coming from “Lar, a province west of St. Thomas’s,”..."

Gujarat, India

"Lar-Desa, 'The Country of Lár,' properly Láṭ-desa, was an early name for the territory of Guzerat and the northern Konkan."

Northern Konkan, Maharashtra, India

"Lar-Desa ... was an early name for the territory of ... the northern Konkan."

Chaul, Maharashtra, India

"embracing Saimur (the modern Chaul, as I believe), Tana, and Baroch."

Thane, Maharashtra, India

"embracing Saimur (the modern Chaul, as I believe), Tana, and Baroch."

Bharuch, Gujarat, India

"embracing Saimur (the modern Chaul, as I believe), Tana, and Baroch."

Kanchi, Tamil Nadu, India

"The kingdom of Maabar called Soli is Chola or Soladesam, of which Kanchi (Conjeveram) was the ancient capital."

Surat, Gujarat, India

"It was then commonly said at Surat that it took three Jews to make a Chinaman, and three Chinamen to make a Banyan."

Astrakhan, Russia

"Yet Pallas, in the last century, noticing the Banyan colony at Astrakhan, says its members were notable for an upright dealing."

Madras, Tamil Nadu, India

"that position would certainly be very ill described as lying west of Madras."

Tanjore, Tamil Nadu, India

"The high terms of praise applied to it as “the best and noblest province of India,” seem to point to the well-watered fertility of Tanjore."

Gulf of Mannar, India

"but what is said of the pearls would extend the territory included to the shores of the Gulf of Manár."

Cochin, Kerala, India

"We read in Ma Huan’s account of Cochin (J. R. A. S. April, 1896, p. 343): “Here also is another class of men, called Chokis (Yogi)..."

China, Asia

"who lead austere lives like the Taoists of China"

Paris, France

"Quoted in introd. to Messir Gauvain, etc., edited by C. Hippeau, Paris, 1862, pp. xii.–xiii."

Persia, Iran

"Arghun Khan of Persia (see Prologue, ch. xvii.), who was much given to alchemy and secret science..."

Turkistán, Central Asia

"I have read in a book that certain chiefs of Turkistán sent ambassadors with letters to the Kings of India on the following mission..."

Ceylon, Sri Lanka

"In the Ceylon Annals the continental invaders are frequently termed Solli."

Coromandel Coast, India

"From Sola was formed apparently Sola-mandala or Chola-mandala, which the Portuguese made into Choromandel and the Dutch into Coromandel."

Kail, Tinnevelly District, Madras Presidency, India

"CHAPTER XXI. Concerning the City of Cail. Cail is a great and noble city... (Kail, now forgotten, was long a famous port on the coast of what is now the Tinnevelly District of the Madras Presidency.)"

Korkai, Tinnevelly District, Madras Presidency, India

"Korkai, properly Kolkai, holds an important place in Tamil traditions, being situated two or three miles inland from Kayal."

Kollam, Kerala, India

"CHAPTER XXII. Of the Kingdom of Coilum. ... For ages Coilum, Kaulam, or, as we now write it, Quilon, and properly Kollam, was one of the greatest ports of trade with Western Asia."

Cranganore, Kerala, India

"the old church at Parúr, not far from Cranganore, which had escaped masquerade..."

Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, India

"Captain Phipps, the Master Attendant at Tuticorin, says: 'The roadstead of Old Cael is still used by native craft when upon the coast and meeting with south winds..."

Cape Comorin, Tamil Nadu, India

"Kolkhoi, described by Ptolemy and the author of the Periplus as an emporium of the pearl‐trade, as situated on the sea‐coast to the east of Cape Comorin..."

Ceylon, Sri Lanka

"Quatremère’s publication of Abdurrazzák mentions it as 'a place situated opposite the island of Serendib, otherwise called Ceylon."

Calicut, Kerala, India

"Ibn Batuta, in describing his voyage by the back waters from Calicut to Kaulam, says: 'All the trees that grow by this river are either cinnamon or brazil trees."

Sindamangalam, Tamil Nadu, India

"there is an inscription on the walls of a temple at Sindamangalam, a place only a few miles from Kayal..."

Sri-Vaikuntham, Tamil Nadu, India

"a town on the Tamraparni R., about 20 miles from Kayal, where a temple donation inscription is recorded."

Muscat, Oman

"The same place appears in the earlier part of the Arab Relations as Kaulam‐Malé, the port of India made by vessels from Maskat..."

Gujarat, India

"The Baladi is also mentioned by Rashiduddin as an export of Guzerat..."

Pegu, Myanmar

"the merchants traded to all the Eastern ports as far as Bengal, Pegu, and the Archipelago."

Bengal, India

"the merchants traded to all the Eastern ports as far as Bengal, Pegu, and the Archipelago."

Arabia, Middle East

"and all Arabia, laden with horses and with other things for sale."

Malabar Coast, India

"Ibn Batuta also notices the fine mosque, and says the city was one of the finest in Malabar, with splendid markets and rich merchants."

Tâmraparnî River, Tamil Nadu, India

"The Cail of Marco Polo ... is situated on the Tâmraparnî River, about a mile and a half from its mouth."

Sicily, Italy

"Indigo had been introduced into Sicily by the Jews during the time of Frederick II., in the early part of Polo’s century."

Baghdad, Iraq

"Probably it came from India by way of Baghdad."

Quilon, Kerala, India

"There is now no indigo made or exported at Quilon, but there is still some feeble export of sappanwood, ginger, and pepper."

Trevandrum, Kerala, India

"I owe to the kindness of Mr. Ballard, British Resident at Trevandrum."

London, England

"in the bye-laws of the London Painters’ Guild of the 13th century"

Cape Comorin, Tamil Nadu, India

"In order to see it you must go some 30 miles out to sea, and then you see it about a cubit above the water near Cape Comorin."

Comari, India

"CHAPTER XXIII. Of the Country Called Comari. Comari is a country belonging to India..."

Travancore, Kerala, India

"Black Tigers and black Leopards are not very rare in Travancore (See Welsh’s Mil. Reminiscences, II. 102.)"

Malabar, Kerala, India

"CHAPTER XXV. Concerning the Kingdom of Melibar. Melibar is a great kingdom lying towards the west..."

Gujarat, India

"CHAPTER XXVI. Concerning the Kingdom of Gozurat. Gozurat is a great kingdom … where there grows much pepper, ginger, and indigo."

Cannanore, Kerala, India

"…forming a promontory some 16 miles north of Cananore, the first Indian land seen by Vasco da Gama, on that memorable August morning in 1498."

Mount d’Ely, Tamil Nadu, India

"…the name survives in that of Mount Dely, properly Monte d’Ely, the Yeli-mala of the Malabar people, forming a promontory some 16 miles north of Cananore."

Hili, Kerala, India

"Ibn Batuta speaks of Hili, which he reached on leaving Manjarúr, as a great and well-built city, situated on a large estuary accessible to great ships; and later referred to as Helli."

Kaulam, Kerala, India

"The vessels of China come hither; this, Kaulam, and Kalikut, are the only ports that they enter."

Kalikut, Kerala, India

"The vessels of China come hither; this, Kaulam, and Kalikut, are the only ports that they enter."

Manjarúr, Karnataka, India

"Ibn Batuta speaks of Hili, which he reached on leaving Manjarúr, as a great and well-built city…"

Pacamuria, Karnataka, India

"Sailing from Cambay, in 20 days he arrived at two cities on the sea‐shore, Pacamuria (Faknúr, of Rashid and Firishta, Baccanor of old books, and now Bárkúr, the Malayálim Vákkanúr) and Helli."

Baliapatan, Kerala, India

"From Hili he proceeds 12 miles further down the coast to Jor‐fattan, which probably corresponds to Baliapatan."

Kavváyi, Kerala, India

"It may have been either that immediately east of Mount d’Ely, communicating with Kavváyi and the Nileshwaram River, or the Madai River."

Nileshwaram, Kerala, India

"…communicating with Kavváyi and the Nileshwaram River"

Madai, Kerala, India

"…within the Madai township, which has the remains of an old fort of the Kolastri Rajas."

Zayton, Fujian, China

"De Mailla mentions the arrival at T’swan-chau (or Zayton) in 1282 of envoys from Kiulan..."

Parúr, Malabar Coast, India

"Ancient Christian Church at Parúr, on the Malabar coast."

Payangádi, Madai, Kerala, India

"a place on the river just mentioned, and within the Madai township, called Payangádi (‘Old Town’)."

Paria, Venezuela

"Columbus, in his own account of his third voyage, describes a hill on the coast of Paria as covered with a species of Gatos Paulos."

Ireland, Europe

"Humboldt speaks of Brazil Isle as appearing to the west of Ireland in a modern English map—Purdy’s."

Lisbon, Portugal

"…in the detail of 3 cargoes from Malabar that arrived at Lisbon in September 1504"

Aden, Yemen

"…if a ship be driven by stress of weather into some other port … they seize her… carried by the merchants to Aden"

Alexandria, Egypt

"…and that which is carried by the merchants to Aden goes on to Alexandria"

Philippines, Southeast Asia

"…there is great memory of them in the ilands Philippinas, and on the cost of Coromande"

Cachilpatnam, Tamil Nadu, India

"the famous emporium of Cachilpatnam near Mt. d’Ely, which may have been our city of Hili"

Pandarani, Kerala, India

"Fandaraina (i.e. Pandarani, or Pantaláni, 16 miles north of Calicut)"

Gujarat, India

"Mediæval Architecture in Guzerat. (From Fergusson.)"

Thána, Salsette, India

"The town of Thána, on the landward side of the island of Salsette, still exists, about 20 miles from Bombay."

Bombay, India

"… about 20 miles from Bombay (Note 1: The town of Thána, on the landward side of the island of Salsette, still exists, about 20 miles from Bombay.)"

Bikaner, India

"Tod speaks of it in Bikanír, and this kind of cotton appears to be grown also in China."

Agra, India

"The Gates of Somnath, preserved in the British Arsenal at Agra, from a photograph."

Kabul, Afghanistan

"on the retirement of our troops from Kabul in 1842."

Rajkot, India

"Embroidered and Inlaid leather‐work for bed‐covers, palankin mats and the like, is still a great manufacture in Rajkot and other places of Kattiawár in Peninsular Guzerat."

Kattiawár, India

"in Rajkot and other places of Kattiawár in Peninsular Guzerat."

Somnath, Gujarat, India

"Somnath is the site of the celebrated Temple on the coast of Sauráshtra, or Peninsular Guzerat, plundered by Mahmúd of Ghazni on his sixteenth expedition to India (A.D. 1023)."

Gogo, India

"its local trade continued though the local part of Cambay was transferred to Gogo and other ports having deeper water."

Makran, Pakistan

"Kesmacoran is a kingdom having a king of its own and a peculiar language – the last in India as you go towards the west and north‐west. (Note: Kesmacoran is identified with Mekrán.)"

Telingana, India

"Real order list in Polo’s geographical arrangement: 'Mutfili (Telingana)'."

Maabar, India

"Real order list includes: 'Maabar, including St. Thomas’s (Madras)'."

Cananore, India

"Real order list: 'Eli (Cananore)'."

Male Island, India

"When you leave the kingdom of Kesmacoran you find the two Islands, Male and Female, lying about 30 miles distant from one another. In the Island called Male, only the men dwell."

Female Island, India

"When you leave the kingdom of Kesmacoran you find the two Islands, Male and Female, lying about 30 miles distant from one another. The wives remain on the other Island."

Hormuz, Iran

"the boundary between Persia and India was seven days’ sail from Hormuz."

Daibul, Iran

"the boundary between Persia and India was eight days’ sail from Daibul."

Ghazni, Afghanistan

"Mahmúd broke the idol at Somnath and a fragment was set as a step at the entrance of the Jámi’ Mosque at Ghazni."

Anhilwara, Gujarat, India

"A reconstruction of the temple at Somnath was carried out by Raja Bhima Deva of Anhilwara about twenty‐five years after Mahmúd’s invasion."

Venice, Italy

"Coronelli’s Atlas (Venice, 1696) identifies these islands..."

Cape Gardafui, Somalia

"…with those called Abdul Kuri near Cape Gardafui..."

Socotra, Yemen

"…the legend long hung about Socotra and its vicinity."

Abdul Kuri, Yemen

"…identifies these islands with those called Abdul Kuri near Cape Gardafui..."

Makran, Pakistan

"…if we take his indication of “half-way between Mekrán and Socotra,”..."

Chagatai, Central Asia

"Khans of Kipchak, Chagatai, and Persia in small capitals."

Oman, Arabian Peninsula

"As early as the 16th year of the Hijra (A.D. 637) an Arab fleet from Oman made a hostile descent on the Island of Thána."

Tana-Malayu, Malaysia

"Tana is a great kingdom lying towards the west, a kingdom great both in size and worth. The people are Idolaters, with a language of their own, and a king of their own, and tributary to nobody."

Cambay, Gujarat, India

"Its proper Hindu name was, according to Colonel Tod, Khambavati, 'the City of the Pillar.' The ancient city is 3 miles from the existing Cambay, and is now overgrown with jungle."

Tinnevelly, Tamil Nadu, India

"Real order list: 'Cail (Tinnevelly)'."

Tanjore, Tamil Nadu, India

"Real order list: 'Kingdom of Sonder Bandi (Tanjore)'."

Cape Comorin, Tamil Nadu, India

"Real order list: 'Comari (C. Comorin)'."

Madras, Tamil Nadu, India

"Real order list: 'St. Thomas’s (Madras)'."

Soli, Maabar, India

"Polo’s order lists: 'Maabar proper, or Soli."

Travancore, Kerala, India

"Real order list: 'Coilum (Travancore)'."

Canara, Karnataka, India

"It forms beautiful avenues in Canara and is used as incense in the Tamul regions."

Scotra, United Kingdom

"a bishop is subject to the archbishop of another Island, of which we shall presently speak, called Scotra."

Kuria Muria Islands, Arabian Peninsula

"…the Kuria Muria Islands on the Arabian coast, in which M. Pauthier longs to trace these veritable Male and Female Isles…"

Zanzibar, Tanzania

"Fra Mauro places the islands to the south of Zanzibar..."

Persia, Iran

"Hiuen Tsang’s version … places the Woman’s Island to the south of Persia."

Byzantine Empire, Eastern Mediterranean

"…It was under Folin (the Byzantine Empire)..."

Sea of Zinj, Eastern Africa

"“The best ambergris,” says Mas’udi, “is found on the islands and coasts of the Sea of Zinj (Eastern Africa)…"

Martinique, France

"…an island called Matityna or Matinino (apparently Martinique) which he sighted on his second voyage."

Baltic Shores, Northern Europe

"Similar Amazons are placed by Adam of Bremen on the Baltic Shores..."

Dnieper, Ukraine

"…a horde of Cossacks whose wives were said to live apart on certain islands in the Dnieper."

Mariana Islands, Micronesia

"…unknown islands supposed to lie south of the Marian group."

Aden, Yemen

"…all the vessels bound for Aden touch at this Island."

Baudas, Yemen

"…their Archbishop has nothing to do with the Pope of Rome, but is subject to the great Archbishop who lives at Baudas."

Basra, Iraq

"…Kazwini speaks of whales as often imprisoned by the ebb tide in the channels about Basra."

Mocha, Yemen

"Traders came from Muza (near Mocha)…"

Limyrica, Malabar Coast

"…Traders came from Muza (near Mocha) and sometimes from Limyrica and Barygaza (Malabar and Guzerat)…"

Barygaza, Gujarat

"…and sometimes from Limyrica and Barygaza (Malabar and Guzerat)…"

Qatar, Qatar

"There is a place called Ḳaṭar about which most of the Arab Geographers know very little."

Colesseeah, Socotra

"…unless it be in the name of one of the villages on the coast, Colesseeah, which looks as if it faintly commemorated both the ancient religion and the ancient language..."

Ethiopia, Africa

"…I met, however, with people from [Socotra] who were on their way to Ethiopia..."

Delhi, India

"…a friend of his, the Shaikh Sa’íd, superior of a convent at Mecca, who had been to India and got large presents at the court of Delhi."

Mecca, Saudi Arabia

"…the ruler thereof sent husbands every year; and the superior of a convent at Mecca had been mentioned in connection with these travels."

Rúm, Turkey

"…in the sea of Rúm."

Engano Island, Indonesia

"…the Malays in the island of Engano off Sumatra…"

Sumatra, Indonesia

"…off Sumatra."

Ocoloro, Java

"…related to Pigafetta of an island under Great Java called Ocoloro, perhaps the same."

Socotra, Yemen

"Assemani, in his corrections (III. p. 362), gives up Socotra in favour of Bactria."

Bactria, Central Asia

"Assemani, in his corrections (III. p. 362), gives up Socotra in favour of Bactria."

Madagascar, Africa

"Madeigascar is an Island towards the south, about a thousand miles from Scotra. The people are all Saracens, adoring Mahommet."

Zanzibar, Tanzania

"in this Island, and in another beyond it called Zanghibar, about which we shall tell you afterwards, there are more elephants than in any country in the world."

Cape of Good Hope, South Africa

"they never dared to attempt the exploration of the regions to the westward of the Cape of Good Hope."

Bambeluka Bay, Madagascar

"And on the north‐west coast, at Bambeluka Bay, Captain Owen found a large Arab population, whose forefathers had been settled there from time immemorial."

Magambo Bay, Madagascar

"The number of tombs here and in Magambo Bay showed that the Arab population had once been much greater."

St. Mary's Isle, Madagascar

"the people of the St. Mary’s Isle of our maps off the east coast, in lat. 17°, also call themselves the children of Ibrahim, and the island Nusi-Ibrahim."

Barbary, North Africa

"Abu Mahomed, of Spain, relates that a merchant arrived in Barbary who had lived long among the Chinese."

Aden, Yemen

"Kazwini says of the Ocean, quoting Al Biruni: 'Then it extends to the sea known as that of Berbera, and stretches from Aden to the furthest extremity of Zanjibar; beyond this goes no vessel on account of the great current."

Western Sudan, Africa

"Kazwini says of the Ocean, quoting: '... and thence to Western Sudan, to the Spanish Countries and the (Western) Ocean."

Quilon, Kerala, India

"The former, Mu-ku-tu-su, lies on the sea, 20 days from Siao-Kolan (Quilon?), a barren mountainous country of wide extent, where it sometimes does not rain for years."

Glenmark, Otago, New Zealand

"Dr. Haast discovered in a swamp at Glenmark in the province of Otago, along with remains of the Dinornis or Moa."

Kashgar, Xinjiang, China

"the description given by Sir Douglas Forsyth on page 542, of the action of the Golden Eagle of Kashgar in dealing with a wild boar"

Caucasus, Eurasia

"the Simurgh or ’Angka, dwelling behind veils of Light and Darkness on the inaccessible summits of Caucasus"

Northern Siberia, Russia

"In Northern Siberia the people have a firm belief in the former existence of birds of colossal size..."

Tanganyika, Tanzania

"the whalebone that was passed off at Zanzibar as the wing of a bird, came, they said, from Tanganyika."

Japan, Asia

"…Mendoza heard of the like in the vicinity of Japan..."

Mountains of the Moon, Uganda

"Kazwini says of the Ocean: 'Then it extends to what are called the Mountains of the Moon, whence spring the sources of the Nile of Egypt..."

Scotra, United Kingdom

"CHAPTER XXXII. Concerning the Island of Scotra. When you leave those two Islands… then you come to an Island called Scotra."

Syria, Middle East

"…in the sea of Rúm along the coasts of Syria and Egypt."

Sofala, Mozambique

"the greater species was seen by many of the Portuguese in their expedition against the Kingdoms of Sofala and Cuama..."

Cuama, Mozambique

"the greater species was seen by many of the Portuguese in their expedition against the Kingdoms of Sofala and Cuama..."

Land of the Caffres, South Africa

"in the expedition against the Kingdoms of Sofala and Cuama and the Land of the Caffres..."

Monomotapa, Zimbabwe

"from Monomotapa to the Kingdom of Angola and the Mountains of Teroa"

Kingdom of Angola, Angola

"from Monomotapa to the Kingdom of Angola and the Mountains of Teroa"

Mountains of Teroa, Africa

"from Monomotapa to the Kingdom of Angola and the Mountains of Teroa"

River Wami, Tanzania

"The Udoe country lies north of the River Wami opposite the island of Zanzibar and about two days going inland."

China Seas, Asia

"Ibn Batuta beheld the Rukh, first like a mountain in the sea where no mountain should be, and then 'when the sun rose,' we saw the mountain aloft in the air, and the clear sky between it and the sea."

Makdashau, Somalia

"Ibn Batuta said, 'After leaving Zaila we sailed on the sea for 15 days, and arrived at Makdashau, an extremely large town."

Brava, Somalia

"Brava, a neighbouring settlement, was governed by 12 shaikhs."

Matitánana, Madagascar

"Arab descent is ascribed to a class of the people of the province of Matitánana on the east coast of Madagascar."

Cavo de Diab, South Africa

"On the great map of Fra Mauro (1459) near the extreme point of Africa which he calls Cavo de Diab, and which is suggestive of the Cape of Good Hope..."

Cape Corrientes, South Africa

"… which is suggestive of the Cape of Good Hope, but was really perhaps Cape Corrientes."

China, Asia

"when ships were in danger of being lost in the stormy sea that led to China"

Indian Sea, Indian Ocean

"About the year of Our Lord 1420 a ship or junk of India in crossing the Indian Sea was driven by way of the Islands of Men and Women beyond the Cape of Diab..."

Madagascar, Africa

"The Eng. Cyc. says that wild asses and zebras do exist in Madagascar, but I cannot trace authority for this."

Zanzibar, Tanzania

"the great boar’s teeth were indubitably hippopotamus‐teeth, which form a considerable article of export from Zanzibar (not Madagascar)."

Alexandria, Egypt

"I sold here (in Alexandria)."

Ethiopia, Africa

"And I have seen many such teeth in Ethiopia..."

Egypt, Africa

"And I have seen many such teeth in ... Egypt."

Kilimanchi River, Somalia

"from the Kilimanchi River, which seems to be the Jubb, to Cape Corrientes beyond the Southern Tropic..."

Cape Delgado, Mozambique

"Burton says now from the Jubb to Cape Delgado."

Italy, Europe

"A giraffe—made into a seraph by the Italians—had been frequently seen in Italy in the early part of the century..."

Sarai, Russia

"Another was sent by Bibars to the Imperial Court in 1261, and several to Barka Khan at Sarai in 1263..."

Nubia, Sudan

"whilst the King of Nubia was bound by treaty in 1275 to deliver to the Sultan three elephants, three giraffes, and five she-panthers."

Mozambique, Africa

"the only beast of burden in Zanzibar, at least north of Mozambique, is the ass."

Red Sea, Middle East

"the camel‐riders suggest the Bejas of the Red Sea coast..."

Mombasa, Kenya

"According to Abulfeda, the King of Zinjis dwelt at Mombasa."

Diagorgan, Tabriz, Iran

"addressed to the Emperor of Ethiopia, to inform him of the appointment of a Bishop of Diagorgan. As this place is the capital of a district near Tabriz (Dehi-Khorkhán)..."

Tabriz, Iran

"near Tabriz (Dehi-Khorkhán) is mentioned in context with Diagorgan."

Dehi-Khorkhán, Tabriz, Iran

"in parentheses (Dehi-Khorkhán) indicating the capital of the district near Tabriz."

Jerusalem, Israel

"declared his intention to go on pilgrimage to Jerusalem to adore the Holy Sepulchre..."

Aden, Yemen

"when he got to Aden. Now that is a Kingdom wherein Christians are held in great detestation..."

Cape Gardafui, Somalia

"India, extending from Cape Gardafui to Ceylon..."

Ceylon, Sri Lanka

"India, extending from Cape Gardafui to Ceylon..."

Malacca, Malaysia

"the third Malacca, from Pegu to China (India Minor)."

Pegu, Myanmar

"from Pegu to China (India Minor)."

China, Asia

"from Pegu to China (India Minor)."

Maldives, Asia

"Linschoten says some estimated the Maldives at 11,100. And we learn from Pyrard de Laval that the Sultan of the Maldives..."

Portugal, Europe

"the Embassy from the King of Abyssinia to Portugal in 1513..."

Antwerp, Belgium

"which was printed at Antwerp in 1532..."

Cairo, Egypt

"in the Cairo Museum, among ornaments found in the mummy-pits..."

Delagoa Bay, Mozambique

"Owen speaks of it as brought for sale at Delagoa Bay in the south."

Axum, Ethiopia

"the ancient metropolitan church of Axum."

India, South Asia

"In speaking of the Indian Islands we have described only the most noble provinces and kingdoms among them..."

Delhi, India

"Mírat (or Delhi) is mentioned as one of the principalities."

Kanauj, India

"Kanauj is listed among the important principalities in India."

Mathra, India

"Mahávan (Mathra) is mentioned among the principalities."

Berbera, Somaliland, Somalia

"Kazwini says of the Ocean, quoting Al Biruni: 'Then it extends to the sea known as that of Berbera, and stretches from Aden to the furthest extremity of Zanjibar..."

Cape Corrientes, South Africa

"to Cape Corrientes beyond the Southern Tropic..."

Lahore, Pakistan

"Lahore is cited as one of the principalities in India at the time of the Mahomedan conquest."

Malwa, India

"Malwa is listed among the principalities."

Ajmer, India

"Ajmir (Ajmer) is mentioned among the important kingdoms."

Gwalior, India

"Gwalior is cited as one of the principalities."

Kalinjar, India

"Kalinjar is listed among the important principalities."

Multan, Pakistan

"Multan is mentioned as one of the key principalities."

Kochi, Kerala, India

"Coilum, as mentioned in the list of ten kingdoms described by Polo."

Maabar, India

"Maabar appears as the first of the ten kingdoms described."

Malabar, Kerala, India

"Malabar is noted as one of the kingdoms in Polo’s description of India."

Dwarka, Gujarat, India

"A similar practice is followed at Dwárika and Koteswar (on the old Indus mouth, now called Lakpat River), where the Hindu pilgrims to these sacred sites are branded with the mark of the god."

Koteswar, Gujarat, India

"A similar practice is followed at Dwárika and Koteswar (on the old Indus mouth, now called Lakpat River), where the Hindu pilgrims to these sacred sites are branded with the mark of the god."

Lakpat River, Gujarat, India

"A similar practice is followed at Dwárika and Koteswar (on the old Indus mouth, now called Lakpat River), where the Hindu pilgrims to these sacred sites are branded with the mark of the god."

Abyssinia, Ethiopia

"It is clear, from Salt, that such branding was practised by many Abyssinians, and that to a recent date, though it may have been entirely detached from baptism."

Zanzibar, Tanzania

"for Marco has already erred in ascribing that practice to the Blacks of Zanjibar."

Aden, Yemen

"Concerning the Province of Aden. You must know that in the province of Aden there is a Prince who is called the Soldan."

Göttingen, Germany

"(Orient und Occident, Göttingen, 1862, I. 453)"

Oxyrhynchus, Egypt

"Already in the 20th year of the Hijra (A.D. 641) had the Nubas and Bejas hastened to the help of the Greek Christians of Oxyrhynchus..."

Shoa, Ethiopia

"Bruce mentions that his narrative was derived from a work written in very pure Gheez, in Shoa, under the reign of Zara Jacob."

Ifat, Ethiopia

"Inland provinces of the low country also, such as Ifat and Dawaro, had fallen under Mahomedan governors."

Dawaro, Ethiopia

"Inland provinces of the low country also, such as Ifat and Dawaro, had fallen under Mahomedan governors."

Zeila, Somalia

"… we hear only of 'Musalman families' residing in Zaila’ which was part of the coast country subject to Abyssinia."

Red Sea, Middle East

"I have noticed in Note 1 the appearance of this confusion in R. Benjamin; and I may add that also in the Map of Marino Sanudo Aden is represented on the western shore of the Red Sea."

Alexandria, Egypt

"… and by it they descend the current to Alexandria."

Cairo, Egypt

"On reaching a certain port they load the goods on camels, and carry them a 30 days’ journey by land to the River Nile, where they embark them in small vessels and descend the current to Cairo, and thence by an artificial cut, called Calizene, to Alexandria."

Jidda, Saudi Arabia

"… the exactions of the Sultan induced a shipmaster to pass on into the Red Sea, and eventually the trade came to Jidda."

Babylon, Iraq

"when the Soldan of Babylon went against the city of Acre and took it, this Soldan of Aden sent to his assistance 30,000 horsemen."

Acre, Israel

"… when the Soldan of Babylon went against the city of Acre and took it."

Suakin, Sudan

"the port on the Red Sea would be either Suákin or Aidháb; the 30 days’ journey seems to point to the former."

Calicut, Kerala, India

"Kuli (supposed Calicut, but perhaps Káyal) is mentioned in the context of the Indian trade route."

Antwerp, Belgium

"Attempted Escalade of ADEN, by the Portuguese under ALBOQUERQUE, in 1513. (Reduced Facsimile of a large Contemporary Wood-Engraving, supposed to have been executed at Antwerp)"

British Museum, London, United Kingdom

"… a large Contemporary Wood-Engraving in the Map Department of the BRITISH MUSEUM."

Hormuz, Iran

"the country of Hu-lu-mo-sz’ (Hormuz on the Persian Gulf) is mentioned as producing ostriches."

Tokharestan, Iran

"the ruler of T’u-huo-lo (Tokharestan) sent a camel-bird to the Chinese emperor."

Parthia, Iran

"a country of Western Asia, which, according to the description given, can only be identified with ancient Parthia, the empire of the Arsacides."

Aden, Yemen

"… as a town and district about 330 m. east of Aden."

Dabul, India

"… imported by the Moors of Cambaia, Chaul, Dabul, Batticala, and the cities of Malabar …"

Batticala, Sri Lanka

"… imported by the Moors of Cambaia, Chaul, Dabul, Batticala, and the cities of Malabar …"

Oman, Arabian Peninsula

"The name Sheḥr in some of the Oriental geographies, includes the whole coast up to Omán."

Pisa, Italy

"by Marco Polo and Rustichello of Pisa—A Project Gutenberg eBook"

Malabar, Kerala, India

"… and the cities of Malabar, such as cotton-stuffs … strings of garnets, and many other stones of inferior value; also much rice and sugar, and spices of all sorts, with coco-nuts;"

Cambay, Gujarat, India

"… imported by the Moors of Cambaia, Chaul, Dabul, Batticala, and the cities of Malabar …"

Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, India

"Ujjain is cited as one of the principalities in India."

Chaul, Maharashtra, India

"… imported by the Moors of Cambaia, Chaul, Dabul, Batticala, and the cities of Malabar …"

Shehr, Hadhramaut, Yemen

"Sheḥr or Sheḥr, with the article, ES-SHEḤR, still exists on the Arabian coast, as a town and district about 330 m. east of Aden."

Dufar, Yemen

"Concerning the City of Dufar. Dufar is a great and noble and fine city, and lies 500 miles to the north-west of Esher. The people are Saracens, and have a Count for their chief, who is subject to the Soldan of Aden; for this city still belongs to the Province of Aden."

India, South Asia

"… so that there is a great traffic of shipping between this and India; and the merchants take hence great numbers of Arab horses to that market."

Bombay, India

"Bombay is now the great mart of frankincense. The quantity exported thence in 1872–1873 was 25,000 cwt.…"

Hadhramaut, Yemen

"Captain Haines also in his report of the Survey of the Hadhramaut coast in 1843–1844 …"

Merbát, Yemen

"Mérbáth lies below Dhafár, and serves as its port. A quotation … indicates Merbát, which is at the eastern extremity of the plain, as having been the port of Dhafár in the Middle Ages."

Kuli, China

"… as a Mahomedan country lying, with a fair wind, 10 days N.W. of Kuli"

Cape Gardafui, Somalia

"… immediately west of Cape Gardafui (Aromatum Prom.)."

Somali Coast, Somalia

"… the bulk of the olibanum exported from the Sumálí coast."

Calcutta, India

"And another friend, Mr. Arthur Grote, tells me he had for some time at Calcutta a 4-horned sheep from Aden."

Mecca, Saudi Arabia

"It was believed in Malabar that the famous King Cheram Perumal, converted to Islám, died on the pilgrimage to Mecca and was buried at Dhafár, where his tomb was much visited for its sanctity."

China, Asia

"… this state sent an embassy (so-called) to China in 1422."

Playfair’s Garden, Aden, Yemen

"As I saw the plant in Playfair’s garden at Aden …"

Haffer, Yemen

"The only ruins mentioned by Haines are extensive ones near Haffer, towards the western part of the plain; and this Fresnel considers to be the site of the former city."

Paris, France

"Dr. Birdwood saw at the Paris Exhibition of 1867 samples of frankincense solemnly labelled as the produce of Mount Lebanon!"

Mount Lebanon, Lebanon

"… frankincense solemnly labelled as the produce of Mount Lebanon!"

Strasburg, France

"Professor Dümichen, of Strasburg, has discovered at the Temple of Daïr-el-Báhri, in Upper Egypt, paintings illustrating the traffic carried on between Egypt and Arabia..."

Temple of Daïr-el-Báhri, Upper Egypt, Egypt

"… at the Temple of Daïr-el-Báhri, in Upper Egypt, paintings illustrating the traffic carried on between Egypt and Arabia..."

Arabia, Middle East

"… being conveyed by ship from Arabia to Egypt."

Dhofar, Oman

"Calatu is a great city, within a gulf which bears the name of Calatu, and lies 600 miles from Dufar towards the north‐west, upon the sea‐shore."

Kalhát, Oman

"Calatu is a great city, within a gulf which bears the name of the Gulf of Calatu. Note 1.—Ḳalhát, the Calaiate of the old Portuguese writers, is about 500 m. by shortest sea-line north-east of Dhafár."

Gulf of Calatu, Oman

"… within a gulf which bears the name of the Gulf of Calatu."

Hormuz, Iran

"The people are Saracens, and are subject to Hormos. In CHAPTER XL, the City of Hormos is described as a great and noble city on the sea."

Kerman, Iran

"… and is vassal to the Soldan of Kerman."

Aden, Yemen

"… the bearing fairly so for the first time since we left Aden."

Kish Island, Iran

"… when you leave the City of Calatu and go between west and north-west, a distance of 500 miles, you come to the city of Kis. (Also noted as Ḳais or 'the old Hormuz' by later accounts.)"

Oman, Arabian Peninsula

"These ventilators are a kind of masonry windsail … and in general use over Oman, Kerman, the province of Baghdad, Mekrán, and Sind."

Baghdad, Iraq

"… in general use over the province of Baghdad."

Makran, Pakistan

"… in general use over Mekrán."

Sind, Pakistan

"… in general use over Sind."

Gombroon, Oman

"“The structures [at Gombroon] are all plain atop, only Ventoso’s, or Funnels, for to let in the Air…” (as described in the John Fryer account)"

Cairo, Egypt

"A somewhat different arrangement for the same purpose is in use in Cairo, and gives a very peculiar character to the city when seen from a moderate height."

Constantinople, Turkey

"… the Turkish Admiral Sidi ’Ali, who ... wrote an interesting account of his disastrous command and travels back to Constantinople from India."

India, South Asia

"… numerous ships with goods from India; merchants frequenting his territories from India; and travels back to Constantinople from India."

Goa, India

"… but the Portuguese compelled all to enter the port of Goa, where according to Andrea Corsali they had to pay a duty."

Great Turkey, Central Asia

"In Great Turkey there is a king called Caidu, who is the Great Kaan’s nephew, for he was the grandson of Chagatai, the Great Kaan’s own brother."

Hormuz, Iran

"Now you must know that Great Turkey lies towards the north-west when you travel from Hormos by that road I described."

Oxus River, Central Asia

"It begins on the further bank of the River Jon, and extends northward to the territory of the Great Kaan."

Cathay, China

"and in particular he demanded a share of the Provinces of Cathay and Manzi."

Manzi, China

"and in particular he demanded a share of the Provinces of Cathay and Manzi."

Samarkand, Uzbekistan

"till they came to their own realm of Great Turkey and to Samarcand; and there they abode a long while without again making war."

Kipchak, Central Asia

"Khans of Kipchak, Chagatai, and Persia in small capitals."

Esher, Surrey, United Kingdom

"Dufar … lies 500 miles to the north-west of Esher."

Great Turkey, Central Asia

"Now, however, we will quit this part of the world, and tell you about Great Turkey."

Karakorum, Mongolia

"After marching rapidly without any adventure, he got near Caracoron, where the Kaan’s son and the younger Prester John were awaiting him with their great army."

Kashgar, Xinjiang, China

"Kaidu’s authority extended over Kashgar and the cities bordering the south slopes of the Thian Shan as far east as Kara Khoja."

Tian Shan, Central Asia

"the cities bordering the south slopes of the Thian Shan as far east as Kara Khoja."

Kara Khoja, Xinjiang, China

"as far east as Kara Khoja."

Talas River, Kyrgyzstan

"also the valley of the Talas River"

Lake Balkhash, Kazakhstan

"from Lake Balkhash eastward to the vicinity of Barkul"

Barkul, Kazakhstan

"eastward to the vicinity of Barkul"

Upper Yenisei, Russia

"in the further north the country between the Upper Yenisei and the Irtish."

Irtish River, Kazakhstan

"in the further north the country between the Upper Yenisei and the Irtish."

Rey, Iran

"from Kazwin or Rei to the banks of the Oxus."

Herat, Afghanistan

"in the territory of the Badghís (north of Herat)"

Murghab River, Turkmenistan

"near the upper waters of the Murghab, in the territory of the Badghís"

Badghis, Afghanistan

"in the territory of the Badghís (north of Herat)"

Tabriz, Iran

"the Court (probably Tabriz), where Argon was already arrived."

Khorasan, Iran

"the invasion of Khorasan by Borrak took place in the early part of 1269."

Kala’at Castle, Tus, Iran

"He fled to the Castle of Kala’at beyond Tús, but was persuaded to surrender."

Tus, Iran

"beyond Tús"

Almalik, Kazakhstan

"engaged near Almalik (on the Ili) the troops of Kúblái, commanded by Numughan and ’Antung, and took both of them prisoners."

Ili River, Kazakhstan

"engaged near Almalik (on the Ili) the troops of Kúblái"

Mongolia, Asia

"But Bayan, who was in Mongolia, marched to attack them."

Constantinople, Turkey

"…and we will begin with Constantinople.—First, however, I should tell you of a province that lies between north and north‐west."

Rosia, Russia

"There is nothing more worth mentioning; so let us leave Rosia, and I will tell you about the Great Sea…"

Wallachia, Romania

"You see in that region that I have been speaking of, there is a province called Lac, which is conterminous with Rosia, and has a king of its own."

Ukak, Sea of Azov

"At a day’s distance from Ukak are the hills of the Russians, who are Christians."

Mariupol, Ukraine

"…a little east of Mariupol."

Kaszik, Mariupol, Ukraine

"…Elie de Laprimaudaie in his Periplus of the Mediæval Caspian, locates at a place called Kaszik, a little east of Mariupol."

Tver, Russia

"Russia was overrun with fire and sword as far as Tver and Torshok by Batu Khan (1237–1238)."

Torshok, Russia

"Russia was overrun with fire and sword as far as Tver and Torshok by Batu Khan (1237–1238)."

Rostov, Russia

"Tartar tax‐gatherers were established in the Russian cities as far north as Rostov and Jaroslawl."

Yaroslavl, Russia

"Tartar tax‐gatherers were established in the Russian cities as far north as Rostov and Jaroslawl."

Novgorod, Russia

"…for many years Russian princes as far as Novgorod paid homage to the Mongol Khans."

Sarai, Russia

"The Caspian is here called the Sea of Sarain, probably for Sarai, after the great city on the Volga."

Taganrog, Russia

"…a river falling into the sea of Azof, about 22 miles west of Taganrog."

Odessa, Ukraine

"I owe this correction to a valued correspondent, Professor Bruun, of Odessa."

Liegnitz, Poland

"…killed in battle with the Tartar host at Liegnitz, 9th April, 1241."

Cracow, Poland

"Henry II., Duke of Silesia, Cracow, and Poland"

Breslau, Poland

"from the tomb at Breslau of that Prince"

Tabriz, Iran

"Hulaku returned to Tabriz and made great preparations for vengeance"

Bolghar, Russia

"…the territory of Kipchak, over which this dynasty ruled, extended in breadth from Bolghar to the Iron Gates."

Irtysh River, Kazakhstan

"…extended in length from the Sea of Istambul to the River Irtish."

Iron Gates, Romania

"…extended in breadth from Bolghar to the Iron Gates, 4 (?) months’ journey."

Don River, Russia

"…a great battle between them near the banks of the Don, in which Toktai is defeated."

Dnieper River, Ukraine

"…somewhere south of the Dnieper Noghai is beaten."

Venice, Italy

"…there are so many who sail all about that sea constantly, Venetians, and Genoese, and Pisans, and many others"

Genoa, Italy

"…there are so many who sail all about that sea constantly, Venetians, and Genoese, and Pisans, and many others"

Pisa, Italy

"…there are so many who sail all about that sea constantly, Venetians, and Genoese, and Pisans, and many others"

Levant, Middle East

"…Alau the Lord of the Levant"

Caspian Sea, Asia

"The Caspian is here called the Sea of Sarain, probably for Sarai, after the great city on the Volga."

Venice, Italy

"…that noble and illustrious citizen of the City of Venice, Messer Marco the son of Messer Nicolo Polo."

Florence, Italy

"…in another at Florence, belonging to the Pucci family."

Vevey, Switzerland

"Vevey ... 1 ... ..."

Norway, Europe

"Oroech is generally supposed to be a mistake for Noroech, Norwege or Norway"

Persia, Iran

"Khans of Kipchak, Chagatai, and Persia in small capitals."

Cannareggio, Venice

"1302. Marco Polo of Cannareggio, see vol. i. pp. 64–67. (The Church of S. Geremia stands on the canal called Cannareggio.)"

S. Geremia, Venice

"The Church of S. Geremia stands on the canal called Cannareggio."

San Basilio, Venice

"1332. 24th March. Concession, apparently of some privilege in connection with the State Lake in San Basilio, to Donato and Hermorao Paulo (Document partially illegible)."

S. Apollinare, Venice

"1333. 23rd October. Will of Marchesina Corner, wife of Marino Gradenigo of S. Apollinare, who chooses for her executors 'my mother Dona Fiordelisa Cornaro, and my uncle (Barba) Ser Marco Polo."

S. Giovanni Grisostomo, Venice

"I have expressed, in the introductory notices, my doubts about the Venetian genealogies, which continue the family down to 1418 or 19, because it seems to me certain that all of them do more or less confound with our Polos of S. Giovanni Grisostomo, members of the other Polo Family of S. Geremia."

Sta. Maria de’ Servi, Venice

"and in 1371 an inscription in Cicogna shows him establishing a family burial-place in Sta. Maria de’ Servi:"

Sta. Maria Nuova, Venice

"(1353. 2nd June. Viriola, widow of Andrea or Andrinolo Polo of Sta. Maria Nuova?)"

Sta. Trinità, Venice

"1408 and 1411. Chiara, daughter of Francesco Balbi, and widow of Ermolao (or Almorò) Polo, called of Sta. Trinità."

Sta. Catarina, Mazzorbo

"Nicolo also leaves a niece Filippa, Abbess of Sta. Catarina in Mazzorbo."

Dalmatia, Croatia

"The same person appears to have been sent as Provveditore to Dalmatia in 1355."

Gulf of Prevesa, Turkey

"A later Marco Polo, in 1537, distinguished himself against the Turks in command of a ship called the Giustiniana; forcing his way past the enemy’s batteries into the Gulf of Prevesa, and cannonading that fortress."

Museo Correr, Venice

"[17] Libro d’Oro from 1414 to 1497 in Museo Correr, Comm. by Comm. Berchet."

Sicily, Italy

"we have intimated the probability that he was the Marco mentioned twice in connection with the Court of Sicily."

Chioggia, Italy

"for public service rendered, among 30 elected to that honour after the war of Chioggia."

Venice, Italy

"Will of Marco Polo of S. Severo, uncle of the Traveller, executed at Venice, 5th August, 1280."

St. Mark's Library, Venice, Italy

"The originals of this and the two other Wills (Nos. 2 and 8) are in St. Mark’s Library."

Casa di Ricovero, Venice, Italy

"From the Archives of the Casa di Ricovero at Venice, Filza No. 202."

Campo San Vitale, Venice, Italy

"Resolution of Counsel of XL. condemning Zanino Grioni for insulting Donna Moreta Polo in Campo San Vitale."

San Giovanni Grisostomo, Venice, Italy

"Document concerning House Property in S. Giovanni Grisostomo, adjoining the Property of the Polo Family, and sold by the Lady Donata to her husband Marco Polo."

San Canciano, Venice, Italy

"rogato dal notaio Nicolo Prete di S. Canciano."

Sancti Proculi, Venice, Italy

"Ego Johanes Justinianus presbiter Sancti Proculi et notarius complevi et roboravi."

Archivio di Stato, Venice, Italy

"found at the Archives degli Esposti, now transferred to the Archivio di Stato."

Archivio degli Esposti, Venice, Italy

"Document dated 15th May, 1388, found at the Archives degli Esposti, now transferred to the Archivio di Stato."

St. Apollinaris, Venice, Italy

"by Morandus de Carovellis, parson of St. Apollinaris and Chancellor of the Doge’s Aula, that the original document having been lost..."

Doge's Aula, Venice, Italy

"by Morandus de Carovellis, parson of St. Apollinaris and Chancellor of the Doge’s Aula."

Paris, France

"MS. Paris Library, 7367 (now Fr. 1116)."

Bern, Switzerland

"Bern MS. (T. de Cepoy’s Type.)"

British Museum, London, United Kingdom

"Pipino’s Version (British Museum, King’s Libr. 14 c. xiii.)"

Museo Civico, Venice, Italy

"Version of Cicogna MS. in Museo Civico, Venice."

Java, Indonesia

"treuve le ysle de Java la Menor; mès si sachiés q’ele ne est pas si peitite"

Venice, Italy

"… that prudent, honourable, and most truthful gentleman, Messer Marco Polo of Venice, concerning the circumstances and manners of the Regions of the East, …"

Bologna, Italy

"I, Friar Francesco Pipino of Bologna, of the Order of the Preaching Friars, am called upon by a number of my Fathers and Masters to render faithfully and truthfully out of the vulgar tongue into the Latin."

Pisa, Italy

"The Travels of Marco Polo — Volume 2, by Marco Polo and Rustichello of Pisa—A Project Gutenberg eBook Appendix E.—The Preface of Friar Pipino to his Latin Version of Marco Polo."

Dublin, Great Britain and Ireland

"Dublin 1 ... ... ... ..."

Lismore Castle, Great Britain and Ireland

"Lismore Castle ... ... ... ... 1"

Glasgow, Great Britain and Ireland

"Glasgow 2 ... ... ... ..."

Paris, France

"Paris 4 7 1 ... ..."

Luxemburg, France

"Luxemburg 1 ........ ........ ........ ........ 1"

Brussels, Belgium

"Brussels ... 1 ... ... ..."

Venice, Italy

"Venice 4 ... 2 ... ..."

Ferrara, Italy

"Ferrara ... ... 1 ... ..."

Milan, Italy

"Milan 1 ... ... ... ..."

Modena, Italy

"Modena 1 ... ... ... ..."

Florence, Italy

"Florence 1 ... 8 ... ..."

Lucca, Italy

"Lucca ... ... 1 ... ..."

Siena, Italy

"Siena ... ... 1 ... ..."

Rome, Italy

"Rome 4 1 1 ... ..."

Escurial, Spain

"Escurial1 1 ... ... ... ..."

Toledo, Spain

"Toledo 1 ... 1 ... ..."

Bern, Switzerland

"Bern ... 1 1 ... ..."

Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States

"Cambridge 3 ... ... ... ..."

Oxford, England

"Oxford 1 1 ... ... ..."

Constantinople, Turkey

"“Comment les deux freres se partirent de Constantinople pour cherchier du monde.”"

Bokhara, Uzbekistan

"Conversation with the Ambassadors at Bokhara (fol. 2)."

Hormus, Iran

"Ship from India arriving at Hormus (f. 14 v.)."

Kerman, Iran

"Cattle of Kerman (f. 13 v.)."

Badashan, Afghanistan

"Hunting Porcupines in Badashan (f. 18)."

Kashmir, India

"Kashmir—the King maintaining Justice (i.e., seeing a Man’s head cut off) (f. 19 v.)."

Caramoran, Philippines

"Trade on the Caramoran (f. 51)."

Tibet, China

"The Girls of Tibet (f. 52 v.)."

Sumatra, Indonesia

"Cannibals of Sumatra (f. 74 v.)."

Chipangu, Japan

"War with Chipangu (f. 72 v.)."

Cambaia, India

"City of Cambaia (f. 86 v.)."

Madagascar, Africa

"Madagascar (f. 88)."

Abyssinia, Ethiopia

"Battle of the Abyssinian Kings (f. 89 v.)."

Quinsai, China

"The City of Quinsai (f. 67)."

Calatu, India

"Arab horses at Calatu (f. 92)."

British Museum Library, London, United Kingdom

"British Museum Library Harleian MSS., No. 5115"

Oxford Bodleian, Oxford, England, United Kingdom

"Oxford Bodleian, No. 264 French"

Merton College, Oxford, England, United Kingdom

"Oxford Merton College, No. 312 Latin"

Cambridge University Library, Cambridge, England, United Kingdom

"Cambridge University Library, D. d. I. 17, No. 12 Latin"

Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, England, United Kingdom

"Cambridge Gonville and Caius College, No. 162 Latin"

Hunterian Collection, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom

"Glasgow Hunterian Collection, S. 5. 7 Latin Pipino’s Version, with illuminated initials…"

Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland

"Dublin Trinity College, No. 632 Latin"

Paris, France

"Paris Bib. nationale, No. 7367 (now Fr. 1116) French …; Paris Bib. de l’Arsenal, No. 5219 French"

Brussels, Belgium

"Brussels Royal Library, No. 9309 French Derives from the Paris 5631 and 2810"

Luxembourg City, Luxembourg

"Luxemburg City Library, No. 50 Latin Volume containing several works…"

St. Mark’s Library, Venice, Italy

"Venice St. Mark’s Library, Cl. X. Codd. Lat. 72 Latin Pipino’s…"

Museo Civico, Venice, Italy

"Venice Museo Civico, Coll. Cicogna, No. 2389, now 2408. Latin ✛Paper, large 4to…"

Library of Count Donà delle Rose, Venice, Italy

"Venice Library of Count Donà delle Rose Italian, with a Venetian tinge…"

Ferrara Public Library, Ferrara, Italy

"Ferrara Public Library, No. 35n (336, N.B. 5) Italian, with a Venetian tinge…"

Ambrosian Library, Milan, Italy

"Milan Ambrosian Library, M. 526, Sc. D. Latin Fragments extracted from Pipino’s version…"

Este Library, Modena, Italy

"Modena Este Library Latin Pipino’s Parchment of 14th century…"

Biblioteca Magliabecchiana, Florence, Italy

"Florence Bib. Magliabecchiana (now Nationale), Cl. XIII., Plut. IV. c. 104 Italian (Tuscan)"

Riccardian Library, Florence, Italy

"Florence Riccardian Library Italian Ends with chapter on Russia…"

Library of Pucci family, Florence, Italy

"Florence Library of Pucci family Italian See remarks at vol. i. Int., Various Types of the Text."

Bib. Palatina, Florence, Italy

"Florence Bib. Palatina (now united to Nazionale), Cod. 572 Italian…"

Bib. governativa, Lucca, Italy

"Lucca Bib. governativa, Coll. (Lucchesini, Giacomo), No. 26 (now No. 296) Italian (Ven. dialect)"

Public Library, Siena, Italy

"Siena Public Library, c. V. 14 Italian"

Barberini Library, Rome, Italy

"Rome Barberini Library, XXXIV. 4 Latin…"

Corsini Library, Rome, Italy

"Rome Corsini Library, No. 1111 Italian (?)"

Chigi Library, Rome, Italy

"Rome Chigi Library, M. VI. 140 Italian Bears a note in the handwriting of Pope Alexander VII."

Escurial Library, El Escorial, Spain

"Escurial Library Latin Pipino’s (?)"

Toledo Cathedral Library, Toledo, Spain

"Toledo Cathedral Library Latin Seems to be different from any of the other Latin versions."

Bern Canton Library, Bern, Switzerland

"Bern Canton Library, No. 125 French…"

Vevey City Museum, Vevey, Switzerland

"Vevey City Museum French [A double sheet; parchment…"

Royal Library, Munich, Germany

"Munich Royal Library, Codd. Lat. 249 Latin Pipino’s…"

Ducal Library, Wolfenbüttel, Germany

"Wolfenbüttel Ducal Library, No. 40, Weissemburg Latin…"

Würzburg Royal Library, Würzburg, Germany

"Würzburg Royal Library, Cod. Germ. 696 German …"

University Library, Giessen, Germany

"Giessen University Library, No. 218 Latin M. Paulus de Venetiis de Regionibus Orientis…"

Mentz, Germany

"Mentz Metropolitan Chapter, No. 52 Latin Pipino’s."

St. Vitus, Prague, Czech Republic

"Prague Chapter of St. Vitus Latin Pipino’s"

Vienna, Austria

"Vienna . . . German? There appears to be a MS. at Vienna;"

Stockholm Royal Library, Stockholm, Sweden

"Stockholm Royal Library, French, No. 37 French"

Honfleur, France

"… “Pour Symon du Solier demorant à Honnefleu,” who was “procureur-syndic des manants et habitants de la ville de Honfleur.”"

Babylon, Iraq

"“Berose, ainsi que Jozephe nous a laissé par escript, fut natif de la cité de Babilone…”"

Padua, Italy

"Formerly belonged to the Monastery of St. John’s in Viridario at Padua, to which it was presented by John Marchanova, Doctor of Arts and Medicine, 1467."

Friuli, Italy

"Written in 1401 by the Notary Philip, son of Pietro Muleto of Fodan (or Fogan?) in Friuli, whilst studying Rhetoric at Padua."

Vatican Library, Vatican City

"Rome Vatican Library, Cod. 2207, Ottoboniano French…"

University Library, Giessen, Germany

"Jena University Library Latin Pipino’s. Followed by H. of Alexander Pertz, Archiv., viii. 698."

Reims, France

"came from the library of the Archb. of Rheims."

Mehun-sur-Yevre, France

"Library of John, Duke of Berry, at the Château of Mehun-sur-Yevre, 1416"

Fagagna, Friuli, Italy

"Ser Petri de Faganea (Fagagna, in Friuli).—H. C."

Augsburg, Germany

"1481. A reproduction of the preceding at Augsburg, in the same volume with the History of Duke Leopold and his Son William of Austria."

Brescia, Italy

"1500. The preceding reproduced at Brescia (often afterwards in Italy)."

Lisbon, Portugal

"1502. ... Printed at Lisbon by Valentym Fernandez Alemao."

Seville, Spain

"1503. Spanish version by Rodrigo de Santaella. Sevilla."

Logroño, Spain

"1529. Ditto. Reprinted at Logroño."

Basel, Switzerland

"1532. Novus Orbis—Basileæ."

Amsterdam, Netherlands

"1664. Dutch Version, from the Novus Orbis. Amsterdam."

Berlin, Germany

"1671. ... with a collation of readings from the Pipino MS. at Berlin;"

The Hague, Netherlands

"1735. Bergeron’s interesting collection of Mediæval Travels in Asia, published in French at the Hague."

Paris, France

"1824. The Publication of the most valuable MS ... by the Soc. de Géographie of Paris."

Florence, Italy

"1827. Baldelli-Boni published the Crusca MS. ... Florence."

Leipzig, Germany

"1845. Bürck’s German Version, Leipzig."

Venice, Italy

"1847. Lazari’s Italian edition was prepared ... in commemoration of the meeting of the Italian Scientific Congress at Venice."

St. Petersburg, Russia

"Examined the copy in the Imperial Library at St. Petersburg."

Strasbourg, France

"gedruckt zu Strassburg durch Georgen Vlricher."

Altenburg, Germany

"M. Polus. Reise in die Tartarey ... Altenburg, 1609, 8vo."

Ronneburg, Germany

"Marco Paolo’s Reise in den Orient ... Ronneburg and Leipzig, bei August Schumann, 1802."

Nuremberg, Germany

"1.—1. Nuremberg ... 1477. The first translation of Marco Polo’s Book was printed in German, at Nuremberg, in 1477."

Vienna, Austria

"Vienne 20 nmbre 1817 (from the letter bound with the manuscript in the Grenville Library)."

Antwerp, Belgium

"Printed with the same characters as the Itinerarium de Joan. de Mandeville, par Gerard de Leeu, à Anvers, vers 1485."

Gouda, Netherlands

"après son départ de Gouda"

Rome, Italy

"non pas à Rome et à Venise, comme on l’avait supposé"

Treviso, Italy

"In Treuigi, Ad instantia di Aurelio Reghet Libraro. M DXC. 8vo, 57 ff."

Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany

"Coloniae Brandenburgicae, —Ex Officina Georgii Schulzii, Typogr. Elect. Anno M. DC. LXXI. 4to."

Stockholm, Sweden

"1882. Facsimile of the French Stockholm MS. by Baron A. E. Nordenskiöld."

Paris, France

"…in his Mémoires Relatifs à l’Asie. Paris, 1824."

Venice, Italy

"Delle Iscrizioni Veneziane, Raccolte ed Illustrate. Venezia, 1824–1843."

Florence, Italy

"Tom. xix. B. pp. 92–124. Firenze, 1825. A review of the publication of the old French Text by the Soc. de Géographie."

Milan, Italy

"Annali Universali di Statistica. Vol. xvi. p. 286. Milano. 1828. Article by F. Custodi."

Laon, France

"Vies de plusieurs Personnages Célèbres des temps anciens et modernes. Laon, 1830, 2 vol. 8vo."

Berlin, Germany

"Die Erdkunde von Asien. Berlin, 1832, seqq."

Genoa, Italy

"Marco Polo, Orazione commemorativa, Letta nel R. Liceo Cristoforo Colombo il 24 marzo 1872. Genova, 8vo, pp. 18."

Hong Kong, China

"Notes and Queries for China and Japan. This was published from January, 1867, to November, 1870, at Hong-Kong under able editorship."

Great Wall, Beijing, China

"Notes of a Journey outside the Great Wall of China, embracing an account of the first modern visit to the site of Kúblái’s Palace at Shang-tu."

Fujian, China

"Marco Polo and Ibn Batuta in Fookien (Chinese Recorder, III., 1870–1871, pp. 12, 44, 71, 87, 125)…; Notices of Southern Mangi…; Changchow, the Capital of Fuhkien in Mongol Times…"

Changchow, Fujian, China

"Changchow, the Capital of Fuhkien in Mongol Times, read before the Society, 19th November, 1888 (Jour. C. B. R. A. S., XXIII. N.S., no 1, 1888, pp. 23–30)."

Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, India

"Wheeler’s book says; “His travels appear to have been written at Comorin, the most southerly point of India” (p. 385)."

St. Gallen, Switzerland

"Marco Polo: Oeffentlicher Vortrag, gehalten in der Geographisch-Kommerziellen Gesellschaft in St. Gallen. (St. Gallen is mentioned as the location of the lecture.)"

Zurich, Switzerland

"Marco Polo: Oeffentlicher Vortrag, gehalten in der Geographisch-Kommerziellen Gesellschaft in St. Gallen. Zurich, 1879, 8vo."

Shanghai, China

"Suez, Iuming C. Marco Polo. (St. John’s Echo, Shanghaï, Nov. 1899.)"

Kashmir, India

"Travels in Kashmir, &c."

North China, China

"Journeys in N. China, &c."

Amsterdam, Netherlands

"Amsterdam, 1785."

Noord en Oost Tartaryen, Tartary

"Noord en Oost Tartaryen."

London, England

"Lives of Celebrated Travellers. London (circa 1831)."

Edinburgh, Scotland

"Edinburgh, 1810."

Shang-Kuan, Ta-li fu, Yunnan, China

"Notes of a Journey outside the Great Wall of China, embracing an account of the first modern visit to the site of Kúblái’s Palace at Shang-tu."

Venice, Italy

"Accounts were kept at Venice not in ducats and grossi, but in Lire, of which there were several denominations, viz.: 1. Lira dei Grossi, called in Latin Documents Libra denariorum Venetorum grosorum.[6]"

England, United Kingdom

"The Mark of Silver all over Europe may be taken fairly at 2l. 4s. of our money in modern value; the Venetian mark being a fraction more, and the marks of England, Germany and France fractions less.[3]"

Egypt, Africa

"The term Bezant is used by Polo always (I believe) as it is by Joinville, by Marino Sanudo, and by Pegolotti, for the Egyptian gold dínár, the intrinsic value of which varied somewhat, but can scarcely be taken at less than 10s. 6d. or 11s. (See Cathay, pp. 440–441; and see also J. As. sér. VI. tom. xi. pp. 506–507.)"

Levant, Middle East

"The exchange of Venice money for the Bezant or Dinar in the Levant varied a good deal (as is shown by examples in the passage in Cathay just cited), but is always in these examples a large fraction (⅙ up to ⅓) more than the Zecchin."

Italy, Europe

"I do not find a value of the Venice palm, but over Italy that measure varies from 9½ inches to something over 10."

Genoa, Italy

"The Genoa Palm is stated at 9·725 inches."

Paris, France

"See (Dupré de St. Maur) Essai sur les Monnoies, &c. Paris, 1746, p. xv; and Douet d’Arcq, pp. 5, 15, &c."

Florence, Italy

"The Gold Florin of Florence was worth a fraction more = 9s. 4·85d."

Jerusalem, Israel

"Thus in the document containing the autograph of King Hayton, presented at p. 13 of Introductory Essay, the King gives with his daughter, “Damoiselle Femie,” a dowry of 25,000 besans sarrazinas, and in payment 4 of his own bezants staurats (presumably so called from bearing a cross) are to count as one Saracen Bezant. (Cod. Diplomat. del S. Mil. Ord. Gerosolim. I. 134.)"

Cologne, Germany

"The Cologne Mark, according to Pegolotti, was the same, and the Venice Mark of silver was = 1 English Tower Mark + 3½ sterlings (i.e. pence of the period), = therefore to 2l. 4s. 4·84d."

Milan, Italy

"If the Venice grain be the same as the old Milan grain (·051 grammes) this will give exactly the same value of 5d."

Acre, Israel

"The Polos at Acre. (Vol. i. p. 19. Int.) M. le Comte Riant (Itin. à Jérusalem, p. xxix.) from various data thinks the two sojourns of the Polos at Acre must have been between the 9th May, 1271, and the 18th November, 1271, time of the departure of Tedaldo."

Kashmir, India

"Sorcery in Kashmir. (Vol. i. p. 166.) In Kalhaṇa’s Rājataraṅgiṇī... we read: 'Again the Brahman’s wife addressed him: …"

Pamir Mountains, Central Asia

"Pamir. (Vol. i. pp. 174–175.) The note discusses the absence of birds and relates it to an ancient legend about the Híndu Kush range as being too high for birds to fly over."

Wakhjir Pass, Afghanistan

"The Wakhjīr Pass, only some 12 miles to the south-west of Kök-török, connects the Tāghdumbāsh Pamir and the Sarīkol Valleys with the head-waters of the Oxus. A short halt allowed the surveyor to set up a light camp near its summit."

Taghdum-bash Pamir, Central Asia

"Regarding the route (p. 175) from the Wakhjir Pass down the Taghdum-bash Pamir, then via Tāsh-kurghan, Little Karakul, Bulun Kul, Gez Daria to Tashmalik and Kashgar..."

Tāsh-kurghan, Xinjiang, China

"The route continues via Tāsh-kurghan, followed by Little Karakul, Bulun Kul, and Gez Daria, leading onward to Tashmalik and Kashgar."

Little Karakul, Xinjiang, China

"Along the route, after Tāsh-kurghan, the journey passes Little Karakul before reaching further landmarks."

Bulun Kul, Xinjiang, China

"The itinerary mentions Bulun Kul in sequence with Little Karakul and Gez Daria along the route to Tashmalik and Kashgar."

Gez Daria, Xinjiang, China

"In the narrow valley of the Yamanyar River (Gez Defile) there is scarcely any grazing; its desolate appearance is contrasted with that of the elevated Pamirs."

Tashmalik, Xinjiang, China

"The oasis of Tashmalik is reached in the open Kashgar plains along the described route."

Kashgar, Xinjiang, China

"Marco Polo’s praise (p. 181) of the gardens and vineyards of Kashgar is noted, along with remarks about the trading enterprise of its merchants."

Khotan, Xinjiang, China

"The itinerary is suggested to run from Khotan—whose capital lies about 300 li west of the site identified as Pi‑mo—to further locations such as Uzun Tati, Nia, and Kiria."

Pein, Khotan, Xinjiang, China

"Various antiquarian and topographical details led to identifying the town of Pi‑mo, described as 300 li east of the Khotan capital, as probably the same as the Pein visited by Marco Polo."

Uzun Tati, Khotan, Xinjiang, China

"The suggested itinerary runs from Khotan to Uzun Tati, then to Nia, with Uzun Tati identified as an extensive ruined site."

Nia, Khotan, Xinjiang, China

"Following Uzun Tati on the itinerary, the route continues to Nia before leaving Kiria to the south."

Kiria, Khotan, Xinjiang, China

"As the itinerary progresses from Uzun Tati to Nia, Kiria is noted to lie to the south and is remarked upon as not being an ancient place."

Badakshān, Afghanistan

"Hiuen-Tsiang’s account in the Si yu-ki describes a journey from Badakshān towards Khotan around A.D. 649."

Ab-i-Panja Valley, Tajikistan

"On 2nd July, the head of Ab-i-Panja Valley was visited near the great glaciers that Lord Curzon identified as the true source of the River Oxus."

River Oxus, Central Asia

"The great glaciers near Ab-i-Panja Valley are noted as being the true source of the River Oxus."

Liège, Belgium

"He died on 17th November 1372 at Liège and was buried in the Church of the Guillemins."

Breda, Netherlands

"The Dean of Tongres, Radulphus of Rivo, is identified as a native of Breda when he writes in his Gesta Pontificum Leodiensium."

Germany, Europe

Saint Albans, England

"A reference in the text notes 'Johan Maundeuille ... de la ville Seint Alban,' indicating an origin from St. Albans."

Basel, Switzerland

"It is suggested that the first printed edition—though German and lacking a stated place of publication—was most likely printed at Basel around 1475."

Paris, France

"Tedaldo was still in Paris on 28th December 1269 before eventually departing for the Holy Land."

Jerusalem, Israel

"M. le Comte Riant’s Itin. à Jérusalem (p. xxix.) is cited in connection with the Polos at Acre."

Tunis, Tunisia

"It is noted that Tedaldo appears to have left for the Holy Land after the departure of S. Lewis for Tunis on 2nd July 1270."

Champa, Vietnam

"Heading 10 – Champa. (Vol. ii. p. 268.) The note, introduced via Ma Huan’s account of the Kingdom of Siam, carries the title 'Champa."

Siam, Thailand

"A paper on Siam’s Intercourse with China mentions that fire‐arms were first noted in Siamese records during the Lāu invasion and the siege of Swankhalôk."

Tonkin, Vietnam

"It is stated that during the reign of the Emperor Yung Lê and the invasion of Tonkin in A.D. 1407 the Chinese acquired knowledge of gunpowder’s propulsive effect."

Chinese Turkestan, Xinjiang, China

"Marco Polo’s remark about the trading activity of Kashgar’s merchants is evaluated by the standard of Chinese Turkestan."

Keriya River, Xinjiang, China

"After marching along the Keriya River for four days, the expedition moved southwest, eventually arriving near Lachin-Ata Mazar."

Lachin-Ata Mazar, Xinjiang, China

"Following four days of marching along the Keriya River, the travelers reached the vicinity of Lachin-Ata Mazar, described as a desolate little shrine in the desert."

Zanzibar, Tanzania

"Sir John Kirk, upon returning to Zanzibar in 1881–1882, sent specimens of ruc’s quills, linking the material culture to that epoch."

Tanganyika, Tanzania

"Natives claimed that an object—purportedly part of a gigantic bird’s wing—had been brought from Tanganyika."

Bagamoyo, Tanzania

"Roman Catholic priests at Bagamoyo received an object said to be from Tanganyika, which was later discussed by Sir John Kirk."

Church of the Guillemins, Liège, Belgium

"Following his death on 17th November 1372 at Liège, he was interred in the Church of the Guillemins."

Church of the Guillemins, Liège, Belgium

"Dr. Warner writes in the National Biography: “... the tomb of the author of the Travels was to be seen in the Church of the Guillemins or Guillelmites at Liège …”"

Liège, Belgium

"…as Ortelius, in his description of Liège, included in his Itinerary of Belgium…"

Bodley’s Library, Oxford, England

"In a letter dated from Bodley’s Library, 17th March, 1884, to The Academy, 12th April, 1884, No. 623, Mr. Edward B. Nicholson drew attention to the abstract from Jean d’Outremeuse…"

Orleans, France

"…copied in 1371 by Raoulet of Orleans and given in the same year to King Charles V by his physician Gervaise Crestien…"

Ormus, Iran

"…where he states that at Ormus the people, during the great heat, lie in water,—a circumstance mentioned by Polo…"

Gaza, Palestine

"…of the journey from Gaza to Egypt (34)…"

Cyprus, Eastern Mediterranean

"…Boldensele’s account of Cyprus (Mandeville, Halliwell’s ed. 1866, p. 28, and p. 10)…"

Tyre, Lebanon

"…of Tyre and the coast of Palestine (Mandeville, 29, 30, 33, 34)…"

Coast of Palestine, Middle East

"…of Tyre and the coast of Palestine (Mandeville, 29, 30, 33, 34)…"

Mecca, Saudi Arabia

"…about Mecca (42)…"

Cairo, Egypt

"…some of the particular wonders of Cairo, such as the slave‐market, the chicken-hatching stoves, and the apples of Paradise, i.e. plantains (49)…"

Red Sea, Middle East

"…the Red Sea (57)…"

Sinai, Egypt

"…the convent on Sinai (58, 60)…"

Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem, Israel

"…the account of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre (74–76)…"

Metz, Lorraine, France

"[11] Jch Otto von diemeringen … Thůmherre zů Metz in Lothoringen …"

Saint Albans, England

"[12] Ce liure est eppelle ma deuille et fut fait i compose par monsieur iehan de mandeuille cheualier natif dāgle, terre de la uille de saīct aleī…"

Lyon, France

"[15] …du dit // lyon."

Berlin, Germany

"[20] Altenglische Sprachproben nebst einem Wörterbuche … Berlin, Weidmannsche Buchhandlung."

London, England

"[24] The Voiage and Travayle of Sir John Maundevile, kt. … London: Printed for J. Woodman, and D. Lyon…"

Acre, Israel

"Acre, i. 17, 22; Broils at, between Venetians and Genoese, 42; plan of, 18n; captured by Saracens, ii. 165n, 441n; wickedness of, 442n; Polos at, 593n"

Abyssinia, Ethiopia

"Abyssinia (Abash), ii. 427 seqq., 431n; its king’s punishment of Soldan of Aden, 428–430; dominion on the coast, mediæval history and chronology, 434n–437n; table of kings, 435n; wars with Mahomedan states, 436n"

Adam's Peak, Sri Lanka

"Adam’s Apple, i. 99n —— sepulchre on mountain (Adam’s Peak) in Ceylon, ii. 316, 328n; rubies, 316n; his teeth, hair, etc., 319–320; the footmark, 321n–322n"

Adulis, Eritrea

"Adulis, ii. 432n; inscription of, 434n"

Champa, Vietnam

"Accambale, king of Champa, ii. 267, 270n"

Aceh, Indonesia

"Achin, Acheh, Achem, ii. 283n, 286n, 295n, 296n, 300n, 303n, 305n, 307n; its gold and lign-aloes, 287n; conversion of, 288n; its great power at one time, 289n; elephants at, 289n —— Head, ii. 300n, 307n"

Ayas, Turkey

"Aegae, Ayas on the site of ancient, i. 16n"

Aleppo, Syria

"Aleppo, i. 23n"

Alexandria, Egypt

"Alexandria, 9, ii. 235; trade from India to, 390, 438"

Church of the Guillemins, Liège, Belgium

"Mort enfin, on l’enterra aux F. F. Guillelmins, au faubourg d’Avroy, comme vous avez vu plus amplement cydessous."

Westminster, California, United States

"[28] The Buke of John Maundeuill being the Travels of sir John Mandeville, knight … Westminster, Nichols and Sons…"

Amoy, China

"Amoy, ii. 231n, 232n; harbour, ii. 240n, 241n; languages, 244n"

Antongil Bay, Madagascar

"Antongil Bay, Madagascar, ii. 414n"

Mount Ararat, Turkey

"Ararat, Mount, i. 46; ascents of, 49n"

Mosul, Iraq

"of Mosul, i. 61n"

Lorestan, Iran

"of Lúr, 85n"

Fars, Iran

"of Fars, 85n, 121n"

Yezd, Iran

"of Yezd, 88"

Kerman, Iran

"of Kerman, 91n"

Mien, Myanmar

"Amien, Mien (Burma), ii. 98, 99n"

Arakan, Myanmar

"Arakan, ii. 100n, 286n, 290n, 298n"

Aryavartta, India

"Aryavartta, the Holy Lands of Indian Buddhism, i. 104n"

Erzincan, Turkey

"Arzinga (Erzingan), i. 45, 46n"

Erzurum, Turkey

"Arziron (Erzrum), i. 45, 48n"

Socotra, Yemen

"Aloes, Socotrine, ii. 409n"

Altai Mountains, Central Asia

"Altai (Altay) Mountains, i. 212, 215n; the Khan’s burial-place, 246, 269; used for the Khingan range, 247n, 306n"

Babylon, Iraq

"Babylon, Babylonia (Cairo or Egypt), i. 22, 24n, ii. 226, 230n; Sultan of, i. 22, ii. 439, 473"

Bahrain, Kingdom of Bahrain

"Bahrein, ii. 348n"

Badakhshan, Afghanistan

"Badakhshan (Badashan), i. 98, 104n, 154, 157, 160n; its population, 155n, 160n; capitals of, 156n; Mirs of, 156n, 160n; legend of Alexandrian pedigree of its kings, 157, 160n; depopulation of, 156n, 163n; scenery, 158n; dialects, 160n; forms of the name, 161n; great river of (Upper Oxus), 170"

Badaun, India

"Badáún, ii. 427n"

Badghis, Afghanistan

"Badghís, i. 150n, ii. 467"

Baft, Iran

"Báfk (Báft), i. 89n, 111n, 122n"

Baghdad, Iraq

"Baghdad (Baudas), Baldac, taken by Alaü, Hulákú, i. 63; its Khalif, 63, 64; the miracle of the mountain, 69 —— Archbishop of, ii. 407 —— its indigo (baccadeo), ii. 382n"

Bardesir, Iran

"Bardesir, i. 112n; Bardshír, Bardsír, Bard-i-Ardeshír, i. 92n"

Basra, Iraq

"Basra (Bastra), noted for its date-groves, i. 63, 65n"

Bathang, Tibet, China

"Bathang, ii. 45n, 48n, 56n, 67n, 70n"

Sumatra, Indonesia

"Battas of Sumatra, and cannibalism, ii. 288n, 298n"

Kinsay, China

"Alarm Tower, at Cambaluc, i. 375, 378n; at Kinsay, ii. 189"

Ceylon, Sri Lanka

"on name of Ceylon, 314n; on Shahr-Mandi and Sundara Pandi, 333n; on the Tower at Negapatam, 336n; etymology of Chilaw, 337n"

Negapatam, Tamil Nadu, India

"the Tower at Negapatam, 336n"

Chilaw, Sri Lanka

"etymology of Chilaw, 337n"

Kollam, Kerala, India

"Kollam 377n"

Cape Comorin, Tamil Nadu, India

"Cape Comorin, 383n"

Bamiyan, Afghanistan

"Bamian, caves at, i. 156n; huge recumbent image at, 221n"

Venice, Italy

"Ca’ Polo, Ca’ Milion, Corte del Millioni, the house of the Polos at Venice, 4, 26 seqq., 53, 70, 77"

Peking, China

"Cabs, Peking, ii. 211n"

Hokiang-fu, China

"Cacanfu (Hokiang-fu), ii. 127, 132"

P’uchau-fu, China

"Cachanfu (P’uchau-fu, Ho-chung-fu), ii. 22, 25n"

Hiai-chau, China

"Caichu, castle of (Kiai-chau, or Hiai-chau?), ii. 17, 19n, 26n"

K’ien-ch’ang, Tibet, China

"Caindu (K’ien-ch’ang), a region of Eastern Tibet, ii. 53, 70n"

Ciangan, China

"Caingan (Ciangan, Kiahing), ii. 184n, 185n"

Kala’ Atishparastán, Iran

"Cala Ataperistan (Kala’ Atishparastán), 'Castle of the Fire Worshippers,' i. 78"

Cairo, Egypt

"Cairo, ii. 439n; museum at, 424n; ventilators at, 452n"

Auberoche, France

"Auberoche, Siege of, ii. 163n, 165n"

Calicut, Kerala, India

"Calicut, ii. 380n, 381n, 388n, 391n, 440n; King of, and his costume, 346n"

Camadi, Central Asia

"Camadi (City of Dakiánús), ruined, i. 97, 113n"

Beijing, China

"Cambaluc (Khanbaligh, or Peking), capital of Cathay, 12, i. 38n, ii. 3, 132, 213n, 320"

Khambhat, Gujarat, India

"Cambay (Cambaet, Cambeth, Kunbáyat), kingdom of, ii. 394n, 397, 398n, 403n, 426n, 440n, 443n"

Canara, Karnataka, India

"Canara, ii. 390n, 397n"

Karakorum, Mongolia

"Caracoron (Kará Korum), i. 66n, 226, 227n, 269, ii. 460, 462n"

Yunnan, China

"Carajan (Caraian, Karájang, or Yun-nan), province, 21, ii. 64, 66, 67n, 72n, 76, 86"

Yellow River, China

"Caramoran River (Hwang-Ho), ii. 142, 143n, 144n, 151"

Zhejiang, China

"Cheh-kiang, cremation common during Sung dynasty in, ii. 135n; roads into Fo-kien from, 224n"

Fujian, China

"Camphor (Laurus Camphora) trees in Fo-kien, ii. 234, 237n"

Sumatra, Indonesia

"—— of Sumatra, ii. 287n"

Caesarea of Cappadocia, Turkey

"Casaria (Caesarea of Cappadocia), i. 43, 44n"

Kashgar, Xinjiang, China

"Cascar (Kashgar), i. 180, 182n; Chaukans of, 193n"

Caspian Sea, Asia

"Caspian Sea (Sea of Ghel or Ghelan), ancient error about, 2, 129; its numerous names, i. 52, 58n, 59n, ii. 494n"

Cilicia, Turkey

"Coins of Cilician Armenia, i. 42n; of Mosul, 61n; Agathocles and Pantaleon, 163n; Seljukian with Lion and Sun, 352n; found at Siang-Yang, ii. 169n; King Gondophares, 357n; Tartar heathen princes with Mahomedan and Christian formulæ, 477n"

Cathay, China

"Cathay (Northern China), 3; origin of name, 11, 15, i. 60, 76n, 285, 414, 418, 441, ii. 10, 127, 132, 135, 139, 140, 192, 391n, 457; coal in, i. 442; idols, ii. 263; Cambaluc, the capital of, see Cambaluc"

Antioch, California

"Antioch, i. 24n"

Cochinchina, Vietnam

"Chenching (Cochin-China), ii. 268n–269n, 277n"

Chengdu, Sichuan, China

"Ch’êng-tu (Sze-ch’wan), ii. 32n, 34n, 35n"

Chichiklik Pass, Central Asia

"Chichiklik Pass, i. 172n, 175n"

Japan, Asia

"Chipangu (Japan), ii. 253, 256n; account of Kúblái’s expedition v., 255, 258; its disasters, 255–256; history of expedition, 260n seqq.; relations with China and Korea, 262n"

Chitral, Pakistan

"Chitral, i. 154n, 160n, 165n, 166n"

Konya, Turkey

"Conia, Coyne (Iconium), i. 43"

Istanbul, Turkey

"Constantinople, i. 2, 19n, 36, ii. 165n, 487; Straits of, 488, 490"

Diu City, Gujarat, India

"Diu City, ii. 392n"

Lower Sind, Pakistan

"Diul-Sind, Lower Sind, i. 86n"

Derbent, Dagestan, Russia

"Derbend, Wall of, i. 53n, ii. 495. (See also Iron Gate of.)"

Kerman, Iran

"Carpets, of Turcomania (Turkey), i. 43, 44n; Persian, 66n; Kerman, 96n"

Khorasan, Iran

"Deserts of Kerman or of Lút, i. 123, 124n; of Khorasan, 149; of Charchan, 194; Lop (Gobi), 196, 197, 198n–203n, 210, 212, 214n, 223"

Gobi Desert, Mongolia/China

"Lop (Gobi), 196, 197, 198n–203n, 210, 212, 214n, 223"

Meloria, Italy

"Curzola Island, Genoese victory at, 6, 45 seqq.; Polo’s galley at, 49; map of, 50; Dandolo, Andrea, Admiral of Venetian fleet sent to Adriatic, 45; his victory, 48; his tomb and descendants, 51; at Meloria with six sons, 56"

Venice, Italy

"funeral at Venice, 50"

Damascus, Syria

"Damas, i. 65n, Damascus, i. 23n, 143; siege of, ii. 166n"

Damghan, Iran

"Damghan, i. 138n, 148n"

Dantapura, Indonesia

"Dantapura, ii. 329n"

Dezful River, Iran

"Dizfúl River, i. 85n"

Doráh Pass, Pakistan

"Doráh Pass, i. 165n"

Kashmir, India

"Eremites (Rishis), of Kashmir, i. 166, 169n"

Dzungaria, Xinjiang, China

"Dzungaria, i. 214n"

Badakhshan, Afghanistan

"Drawers, enormous, of Badakhshan women, i. 160, 163n"

Gujarat, India

"Embroidery of silk at Kerman, i. 90, 96n; leather in Guzerat, ii. 394, 395n"

Enggano Island, Indonesia

"Engano Island, legend, ii. 406n"

England, United Kingdom

"England, Kúblái’s message to king of, i. 34; correspondence of Tartar princes with kings of, 36n, ii. 477n; English trade and character in Asia, ii. 368n"

Erdeni Chao Monastery, Mongolia

"Erdeni Tso (Erdenidsu), or Erdeni Chao Monastery, i. 228n–230n"

Yerevan, Armenia

"Erivan, i. 58n"

Erzurum, Turkey

"Erzrum (Arziron), i. 45, 48n"

Etchmiadzin Monastery, Vagharshapat, Armenia

"Etchmiadzin Monastery, i. 61n"

Jiangxi, China

"Chuchu, in Kiang-si, ii. 224n, 229n"

Chongqing, China

"Chung-Kiang, ii. 40n"

Samarkand, Uzbekistan

"Churches, Christian, in Kashgar, i. 182; Samarkand, 185; Egrigaia, 281; Tenduc, 287n; early, in China, ii. 27n; ..."

Tengchong, Yunnan, China

"Churches, Christian, ...; Tenduc, 287n"

Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China

"Churches, Christian, ...; Yang-chau, 154n"

Zayton, Fujian, China

"Chinchau, Chincheo, Chinchew, Chwanchew, Tswanchau, see Zayton"

Mangla, Nebila, Pakistan

"Mangla and Nebila, 405n"

Socotra, Yemen

"Cannibals, i.e. Caribs, ii. 311n, 405n; ...; Socotra, 406n; ...; churches at Socotra, 409n–410n"

Caligine, Kerala, India

"Caligine, 439n"

Faizabad, Badakhshan

"decay of his palace, 208 Faizabad in Badakhshan, i. 156n, 163n, 173n, 175n"

Fars, Iran

"Fars, province, i. 85n, 92n, ii. 333n, 348n, 377n, 402n"

Kerman, Iran

"Falcons, of Kerman, i. 90, 96n; Saker and Lanner, 158, 162n"

Constantinople, Turkey

"Faro of Constantinople, ii. 490"

Sumatra, Indonesia

"Ferlec, in Sumatra, kingdom of, ii. 284, 287n, 294n, 295n, 305n; Hill people, 284, 288n"

Tabriz, Iran

"his mosque at Tabriz, i. 76n; set to watch the Khorasan frontier, ii. 474, 475n"

Genoa, Italy

"Genoa, Polo’s captivity at, 6, 48–55 —— and Pisa, rivalry, and wars of, 41, 56 seqq.; their navigation of the Caspian, 52, 59n; their merchants at Tabriz, 75"

Pisa, Italy

"and Pisa, rivalry, and wars of, 41, 56 seqq."

Venice, Italy

"and Venice, rivalry and wars of, 41 seqq. Genoese, their growth in skill and splendour, 42"

Hormuz, Iran

"Hormuz (Hormos, Curmosa), i. 83, 107, 110n, ii. 340, 348n, 370, 402n, 449, 451; trade with India, a sickly place, the people’s diet, i. 107, ii. 450"

Gulf of Hainan, China

"Hai-nan, Gulf of, ii. 266n"

Imeretia, Georgia

"Gelath in Imeretia, Iron Gate at, i. 57n"

Persia, Iran

"Fire-worship, or rockets, in Persia, i. 78, 80; by the Sensin in Cathay, 303, 325n"

Cathay, China

"by the Sensin in Cathay, 303, 325n"

Kinsay, China

"regulations at Kinsay, ii. 189 ... paper‐money at, i. 428n; wild hill people of, 225, 228n; at Kinsay, ii. 191"

Pamir Plain, Central Asia

"Fire, affected by height of Pamir Plain, i. 171, 178n;"

Kaifeng, China

"Kaifung-fu, Jews and their synagogues there, i. 346n, 347n"

Kabul, Afghanistan

"Kabul, i. 104n, 165n, ii. 402n"

Hindu Kush, Afghanistan

"Káfirs of Hindu Kush, i. 165n;"

Cambaluc, China

"Gates, of Cambaluc, 374, 377n; of Somnath, ii. 400–401"

Hili, Kerala, India

"Hili (Ely), 386n"

Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

"Dir, chief town of Panjkora, i. 104n, 164n, 165n"

Kashmir, India

"in Kashmir, i. 166, 168n; Kashmir, i. 104n, 164n, 166"

Yellow River, China

"Hwang-ho (Yellow River), i. 245n, 282n, 286n, ii. 23n, 25n, 27n"

Hyrcania, Iran

"Hyrcania, king of, i. 57n"

Orkhon Valley, Mongolia

"Buddhist monasteries in the Orkhon, i. 228n"

Shen-si, China

"Kansan, see Shen-si"

Kapilavastu, Nepal

"Kapilavastu, ii. 322n"

Karájáng, Yunnan, China

"Karájáng (Carajan, or Yun-nan), ii. 64, 67n, 72n, 73n, 80n"

Karákásh River, Yunnan, China

"Karákásh (“black jade”) River, i. 193n"

Karakorum, Mongolia

"Karakorum (Caracoron), i. 66n, 226, 227n, 269, ii. 460"

Manikpur, India

"Karra-Mánikpúr, i. 86n"

Kandahar, Afghanistan

"Ḳandahár, Ḳandar, Gandhára, ii. 72n, 73n, 329n, 402n"

Kandy, Sri Lanka

"Kandy, ii. 328n"

Hangzhou, China

"Kanp’u (Ganpu), old Port of Hang-chau, ii. 198n, 199n"

Kanauj, India

"Kanauj, ii. 427n"

Johor, Malaysia

"Johore, Sultan of, ii. 281n, 282n"

Oxus River, Central Asia

"Jon (Jihon, or Oxus) River, ii. 458, 466"

Mosul, Iraq

"Jacobite Christians, at Mosul, i. 46, 60, 61n, ii. 409n, 432n–433n"

Jerusalem, Israel

"Jerusalem, 130, i. 19"

Jaffa, Israel

"Jaffa, Count of, his galley, 40, 49"

Mount Judi, Turkey

"Judi, Mount, i. 62n"

Naḳús (Hill of the Bell), Sinai Desert, Egypt

"Naḳús, or 'Hill of the Bell,' Sinai desert, i. 202n"

Jibal-ul-Thabúl, Mecca, Saudi Arabia

"Jibal-ul-Thabúl ('Hill of Drums'), near Mecca, i. 202n"

Indragiri River, Sumatra, Indonesia

"Indragiri River, ii. 283n"

Guzerat, India

"in Guzerat, 393; Cambay, 398; their merchants at Tabriz, 75"

India, South Asia

"India, 12, i. 1, 107, 109, 167, 414, ii. 76, 78, 107, 115, 119, 236, 249; horse trade to, i. 83, 86n"

Indo-China, Southeast Asia

"Indo-China, ii. 426n"

Abyssinia, Ethiopia

"… Middle (Abyssinia), ii. 423, 427 …"

Hungary, Europe

"Hungarians, ii. 286n, 492n"

Iraq, Middle East

"’Irák, i. 74, 84n, 86n, 145n"

Ispahan, Iran

"Ispahan (Istanit, Istan, Spaan), kingdom of Persia, i. 83n, 85n"

Cauly, Corea

"Kauli (Cauly), Corea, i. 343, 345n"

Kaveri River, India

"Káveri River, delta of, ii. 335n"

Baghdad, Iraq

"Khalif (Calif) Mosta’Sim Billah of Baghdad, i. 63"

Kerala, India

"Kerala, ii. 390n"

Kerman, Iran

"Kermán, i. 89n, 90, 109, 110, ii. 452"

Kerulen Valley, Mongolia

"Kerulen (K’i-lien) valley, the Khans’ burial-ground, i. 248n"

Kaiping, China

"Keibung (Kaipingfu), i. 25, 227n, 304n, 306n"

Ningbo, China

"Kelinfu (Kienning-fu), City, its bridges, ii. 225, 228n, 229n, 234n"

Beijing, China

"Cambaluc (see Cambaluc Khanfu), ii. 199n; his palace at Cambaluc, 362; builds Cambaluc city, 374"

Yellow River, China

"Khátún-gol, or “Lady’s River,” i.e. Hwang-ho, i. 245n, 249n"

Hwo-lu, China

"Khavailu (Hwo-lu h’ien), ii. 15n"

Khimki, Russia

"Khimka, ii. 238n"

Hangzhou, China

"Kinsay (formerly Lin-ngan now Hang-chau fu), 11, ii. 146, 149n, 193n; extensive description of the capital"

Guangzhou, China

"Kuang-chou, ii. 239n"

Cobinan, Iran

"Koh-Banán (Cobinan), i. 125 and Kúbenán (Cobinan), i. 123, 124n"

Mouth of Yangtze River, China

"Kwa-chau (Caiju), at mouth of Great Canabon Yang-tse-Kiang, ii. 144n, 175n"

Java, Indonesia

"Kwawa, i.e. Java, etymology, ii. 119n"

Gyeongsang Province, South Korea

"Kyŭng-sang province, ii. 262n"

Wallachia, Romania

"Lac (Wallachia), Lacz, i. 54n, ii. 487, 489n, 490, 491n"

Badakhshan, Afghanistan

"Ladies’ dresses in Badakhshan, i. 160, 163n"

Lahore, Pakistan

"Lahore (Dalivar, Dilivar), i. 99, 104n, 105n, ii. 426n, 427n"

Mashhad, Iran

"Meshid (more correctly Mashhad), i. 150n, 155n, 156n, 193n"

Mosul, Iraq

"Kotcheres, Kurds of Mosul, i. 62n; Mausul (Mosul), kingdom of, i. 46, 60, 61n, 62n"

Kokcha River, Afghanistan

"Kokcha River, i. 154n–156n, 162n"

Kolyma, Russia

"Kolyma, bird-hunting at, i. 272n"

Kish, Iran

"Kish, or Kais (Kisi), now Ghes, or Kem, island in Persian Gulf, i. 63, 64n, 83, 452"

Kotrobah Island, Persian Gulf

"Kotrobah Island, ii. 409n"

Venice, Italy

"in the palace at Venice, 110"

Maravi, Malawi

"Marabia, Maravia, Maravi, ii. 386n–387n"

Maraş, Turkey

"Marash, i. 23n"

Mardin, Turkey

"Mardin (Merdin), i. 60, 62n"

Tibet, China

"laxities in Thibet, ii. 44, 48n, 53–54, 56n, 66, 76n"

Beijing, China

"French Legation at Pekin, ii. 93n"

Malacca, Malaysia

"Malacca, ii. 281n; foundation of, 282n; chronology, 282n"

Malaiur, India

"Malaiur, island and city, ii. 280, 281n, 283n, 305–306n"

Caucasus, Eurasia

"Ingushes of Caucasus, i. 268n"

Nubia, Sudan

"Maatum, or Nubia, ii. 431n"

Kaveripattanam, Tamil Nadu, India

"Káveripattanam, ii. 335n"

Malay Peninsula, Southeast Asia

"Malay Peninsula, ii. 277n; invasion of Ceylon, 215n; chronicle, 279n, 282n, 287n, 288n, 294n, 300n; language, 286n; origin of many geographical names, 314n"

Malwa, India

"Malwa, ii. 426n, 427n"

Mandalay, Myanmar

"Mandale in Burma, ii. 329n"

Mangalore, India

"Mangalore, ii. 386n"

Lop, Xinjiang, China

"Lop, city and lake, i. 194, 196; desert, 196, 197"

Lopburi, Thailand

"Lophāburi, ii. 278n"

Yunnan, China

"Lin-ngan in Yun-nan, ii. 120n, 122n, 129n"

Luoyang, China

"Loyang, Bridge of, ii. 241n"

Dasht-e Lut, Iran

"Lút, Desert of (Dasht-i-Lut), i. 124n, 127, 128n"

New Zealand, Oceania

"Moa of New Zealand, ii. 417n, 418n"

Sivas, Turkey

"Medressehs at Sivas, i. 45n"

Muscat, Oman

"Maskat, ii. 451n"

Mazandaran, Iran

"Mazandéran, province, i. 59n"

Moghulistan, Central Asia

"Moghistan, i. 110n"

Moluccas, Indonesia

"Moluccas, ii. 265n"

Mombasa, Kenya

"Mombasa, ii. 424n"

Minangkabau, Indonesia

"Menangkabau, ii. 286n, 301n"

Cambaluc, China

"Montecorvino, John, Archbishop of Cambaluc, i. 117n, 287n, 289n, 346n, ii. 180n"

Kashgar, Xinjiang, China

"position of Kashgar and Yarkund, 182n"

Yarkund, Xinjiang, China

"position of Kashgar and Yarkund, 182n"

Si-ngan fu, China

"Monument at Si-ngan fu, Christian, ii. 27n, 28n"

Peking, China

"Mount, Green, in Palace grounds at Peking, i. 365, 370n, 372n"

Hormuz, Iran

"Mourning customs, at Hormuz, i. 109; in Tangut, 204; at Kinsay, ii. 191"

Moscow, Russia

"Moscow, Tartar Massacre at, ii. 493n"

Multán, Punjab, Pakistan

"Multán, ii. 426n"

Nanking, China

"Nanking, not named by Polo, ii. 158n"

Constantinople, Turkey

"Nestorius, Patriarch of Constantinople, i. 61n"

Mosul, Iraq

"Mosul (Mausul), i. 46, 60, 61n, 62n; Nestorian Christians, at Mosul, i. 46, 60, 61n"

Samarkand, Uzbekistan

"Nestorian Christians, …; Samarkand, 182, 186n"

Palembang, Indonesia

"Palembang, ii. 281n, 283n"

Baku, Azerbaijan

"fountain of (Naphtha) at Baku, 46, 49n"

Sumatra, Indonesia

"Sumatra, 294n, 297n"

Socotra, Yemen

"Socotra, 407, 410n"

Nicaea, Turkey

"Mung (Nicaea), i. 104n"

Kunduz, Afghanistan

"Murad Beg, of Kunduz, i. 156n, 161n, 163n"

Obi River, Russia

"Obi River, ii. 481n, 484n"

Oxus River, Central Asia

"Oxus Valley and River, i. 152n, 161n, 172n, 173n, ii. 594n"

Karákorum, Mongolia

"Paderin, Mr., visits Karákorum, i. 228n"

Salsette Island, India

"Salsette Island, ii. 325n, 396n"

Samarkand, Uzbekistan

"Samarkand (Samarcan), i. 57n, 62n, ii. 458, 462; story of a miracle at, i. 183, 186n; colony near Peking from, 291n"

San Giovanni Grisostomo, Venice, Italy

"San Giovanni Grisostomo, parish in Venice where the Ca’ Polo was, 4, 26, 53, 70, 71, 76; theatre, 28"

San Lorenzo, Venice, Italy

"San Lorenzo, Venice, burial place of Marco and his father, 7, 71, 74"

Sivas, Turkey

"St. Blasius (Blaise), Church at Sivas, i. 43, 45n"

Sivas, Turkey

"St. George, Church of, in Sivas, i. 45n"

Acre, Israel

"St. Sabba’s at Acre, 42"

St. Thomas’s Isle, India

"St. Thomas’s Isle, ii. 403n"

St. Helena, British Overseas Territory

"St. Helena, i. 58n"

Galicia, Spain

"St. James’ Shrine, Gallicia, ii. 319"

Samarkand, Uzbekistan

"St. John the Baptist, Church of, in Samarkand, i. 185"

St. Mary’s Island, Madagascar

"St. Mary’s Island, Madagascar, ii. 414n"

Mosul, Iraq

"St. Matthew, Monastery near Mosul, i. 61n"

Tabriz, Iran

"Tabriz (Tauris), i. 17n, 74, 76n"

Derbent, Dagestan, Russia

"Pass of Derbend, i. 53n"

Yezd, Iran

"Taft, near Yezd, turquoise at, i. 92n"

Tagharma Pass, Central Asia

"Tagharma Pass, i. 172n, ii. 594n"

Tash Kurgan, Xinjiang, China

"Tásh Kurgán, i. 172n, ii. 594n"

Shanghai, China

"Shang-hai, ii. 238n; Shangking-Fungking, i. 345n"

Shangdu, China

"Shangtu, Shangdu (Chandu), i. 25n; Kúblái’s City and Summer Palace, 298, 304n"

Shangtu Keibung, China

"Shangtu Keibung, i. 306n, 308n"

Shan-tung, China

"Shan-tung, ii. 137n, 141n, 143n; silk in, 136, 137n; pears from, 210n"

Shao-hing-fu, China

"Shao-hing-fu, ii. 220n–222n"

Maldive Islands, Indian Ocean

"Maldive Islands, ii. 425n"

Tagaung, Burma

"Tagaung, ii. 107n, 111n, 113n"

Shan-tung, China

"Shan-si, ii. 12n, 14n, 15n, 23n, 25n, 32n, 135n, 143n, 167n"

Shan-tung, China

"Shan-hai-kwan, i. 407n"

Luh-ho-ta (Six Harmonies Tower), Hangchow, China

"Luh-ho-ta Pagoda, Hang-chau, ii. 193n, 194n"

Quilon, Kerala, India

"St. George, Church of, at Quilon, ii. 377n"

Shewa, Ethiopia

"Shewá, cool plateau of, i. 163n"

Mukden, China

"Shing-king, or Mukden, i. 345n"

Shiraz, Iran

"Shíráz (Cerazi), i. 83, 85n"

Shirwan, Azerbaijan

"Shirwan, ii. 495n"

Nicobar Islands, India

"Shob’aengs of Nicobar, ii. 308n"

Yaik River, Russia

"Saracanco (Saraichik), on the Yaik, i. 6n"

Sarai, Russia

"Sarai (Sara), capital of Kipchak, i. 4; city and its remains, 5n; perhaps occupied successive sites, 6n"

Sárdú Pass, Central Asia

"Sárdú Pass, i. 113n"

Sarghalan River, Central Asia

"Sarghalan River, i. 156n"

Port of Sumatra, Indonesia

"Sărha, Port of Sumatra, ii. 294n"

Sarhadd River, Afghanistan

"Sarhadd River, i. 175n"

Sar-i-kol, Tajikistan

"Sar-i-kol, Lakes, i. 163n, 172n"

Socotra, Yemen

"Scotra, see Socotra; Socotra, ii. 404, 406, 408n"

South China Sea, China

"Sea of Chin, ii. 264, 265, 266n, 270n"

Selitrennoyé Gorodok, Russia

"Selitrennoyé Gorodok (Saltpetre Town), i. 5n, 6n"

Pulo Condore, Vietnam

"Sondur and Condur (Pulo Condore Group), ii. 276, 277n"

Aquitania, France

"Sotiates, tribe of Aquitania, ii. 348n"

Isfahan, Iran

"Spaan, Ispahan, i. 85n"

Syria, Middle East

"Syrian Christians, ii. 377n seqq., 433n"

Sichuan, China

"Sze-ch’wan (Ch’êng-tu), ii. 32n, 34n, 35n, 37n, 40n, 42n, 45n, 46n, 48n, 58n, 60n, 69n, 128n, 131n, 134n"

Hong Kong, China

"Smith, G., Bishop of Hongkong, i. 347n"

Sohar, Oman

"Soer (Suhar), ii. 340, 348n"

Sofala, Mozambique

"Sofala, trade to China from, ii. 400n"

Sonagar-pattanam, India

"Sonagar-pattanam, ii. 372n"

Sumbawa, Indonesia

"Sumbawa, ii. 287n"

Cambodia, Southeast Asia

"Stiens of Cambodia, ii. 82n, 97n"

Xiangyang, China

"Siang-yang-fu (Saianfu), Kúblái’s siege of, 22, 112, ii. 158, 159; difficulties in Polo’s account, 167n; not removed by Pauthier, notice by Wassáf, Chinese account, Rashiduddin’s, 168n; treasure buried, 169n"

Lake Sevan, Armenia

"Sevan Lake, i. 58n"

Sumatra, Indonesia

"Sumatra (Java the Less), 23, 120, i. 34, ii. 288n, 300n–301n; described, its kingdoms, 284, 286n, 287n; circuit, 284, 286n"

Suju, China

"Su-chau (Suju), ii. 179, 181, 199n; plan of, 183n, 184n"

Suchnan River, Central Asia

"Suchnan River, i. 172n"

Lake Kinsay, China

"Si-hu, Lake of Kinsay or Hang-chau, ii. 186, 196n, 205n–207n, 211n, 214n"

Sistan, Iran

"Sijistán, i. 102n"

Silesia, Poland

"Silesia, Mongol invasion of, ii. 493n"

Fars, Iran

"Simon, Metropolitan of Fars, ii. 377n"

Sind, Pakistan

"Sind (Sindhu-Sauvira), 12, i. 104n, 105n"

Goa, India

"Sindábúr (Goa), ii. 390n, 440n"

Singapore, Singapore

"Singapore, Singhapura, i. 37n, ii. 279n, 281n, 305n"

Canton, China

"Sínkalán, Sín-ul-Sín, Mahá-chin, or Canton, i. 294n, ii. 175n, 243n, 252n"

Sinop, Turkey

"Sinope, i. 45n"

Kish, Iran

"Síráf (Kish, or Kais?), i. 65n"

Sir-i-Chashma, Iran

"Sir-i-Chashma, i. 58n"

Shirjan, Iran

"Sírján or Shirján, i. 92n, 122n"

Sri Thammarat, Thailand

"Sri-Thammarat, ii. 278n"

Sri Vaikuntham, India

"Sri-Vaikuntham, ii. 374n"

Kuh Banan, Iran

"Stack, E., visits Kuh Banan, i. 126n"

Yangtze River, China

"trade on the Kiang, 171; junks employed therein, 174n; Steamers on Yangtse-kiang, ii. 173n"

Kerman, Iran

"Steel mines at Kermán, i. 90, 92n; in Chingintalas, 212; Indian, 93n, 94n; Asiatic view of, 94n"

Bombay, India

"near Bombay, kingdom of, ii. 395, 396n, 403n, 426n, 440n"

Tana-Malayu, Malaysia

"Tana-Malayu, ii. 281n, 283n"

Tangut Province, China

"Tangut province, Chinese Si Hia, or Ho Si, i. 29n, 203, 214n, 217, 219, 220n, 223, 224n, 245n, 274, 276n, 281; five invasions of, 281n"

Koko-nor, Mongolia

"Tangutan, term applied to Tibetan speaking people round the Koko-nor, i. 206n"

Talas River, Kyrgyzstan

"Talas River, ii. 459n"

Delhi, India

"Tughlak Shah, of Delhi (a Karaunah), i. 101n"

Tún, Eastern Persia

"Tún, city of E. Persia, i. 86n, 124n"

Chinese Turkestan, Xinjiang, China

"Tungani, or Converts, Mahomedans in N. China and Chinese Turkestan, i. 291n"

Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, India

"Tuticorin, ii. 372n"

Tver, Russia

"Tver, ii. 489n"

Tyumen, Russia

"Tyuman, ii. 481n"

Udyána, India

"Udyána, i. 164n"

Urumqi, Xinjiang, China

"Urumtsi, i. 201n, 214n"

Java, Indonesia

"Uttungadeva, king of Java, ii. 275n"

Sarai, Russia

"Uzbeg Khan of Sarai, i. 4n, 6n, 352n"

Kunduz, Afghanistan

"Uzbegs of Kunduz, i. 156n, 163n"

Somnath, Gujarat, India

"Somnath (Semenat), ii. 398, 400n; gates of, 399, 400n–401n"

Tung-Kwan, Ho-nan, China

"Tung-’an in Fokien, ii. 243n"

Siu-chau, Sichuan, China

"Siu-chau, ii. 129n–131n"

Chamba, Himachal Pradesh, India

"Sinhopala (Accambale), king of Chamba, ii. 267"

Taklamakan Desert, Xinjiang, China

"Takla-Makan, i. 190n"

Cape Comorin, Tamil Nadu, India

"Virgin of Cape Comorin, ii. 382n"

Venice, Italy

"Venice, 2, 15, 16, i. 2, 18, 19, 36, 41"

Constantinople, Turkey

"expelled from Constantinople, 19n"

Vijayanagar, Karnataka, India

"Vijayanagar, 362n"

Vikrampúr, Bangladesh

"Vikrampúr, ii. 99n"

Kashgar, Xinjiang, China

"Kashgar, 181"

Khotan, Xinjiang, China

"Khotan, 188"

Uspenskoye, Russia

"Uspenskoye (called also Bolgarskoye), i. 7n"

Wei River, Shaanxi, China

"Wei River in Shen-si, ii. 27n, 29n, 35n"

Wen-chow, Zhejiang, China

"Wen-chow, ii. 239n"

Wami River, Tanzania

"Wami River, ii. 420n"

Dzungaria, Xinjiang, China

"Wang, king of Djungar, i. 250n"

Yachi, Yunnan, China

"Yachi (Yun-nan-fu), city, ii. 66, 67n, 72n, 74n, 80n, 111n"

Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China

"Yang-chau (Yanju), city, i. 29n, 432n, ii. 154n, 173n; Marco’s government there, 22, ii. 154, 157n"

Badakhshan, Afghanistan

"Yarbeg of Badakhshan, i. 156n"

Yarkand, Xinjiang, China

"Yarkand (Yarcan), i. 187"

Yazd, Iran

"Yezd (Yasdi), i. 88"

Yonting Ho River, China

"Yonting Ho River, ii. 6n"

Yamgán, China

"Yamgán, i. 162n"

Kingdom of Tangut (Western Xia), China

"Yuen-hao, kingdom of Tangut, i. 282n"

Yugria, Russia

"Yugria, or Yughra, in the Far North, ii. 483n, 485n, 493n"

Yunnan, China

"Yun-nan (Carajan), province, ii.40n, 45n, 56n, 57n, 59n–62n, 64, 67n, 72n, 80n, 81n, 82n, 90n, 95n, 104n, 107n, 115n, 120n, 124n, 127n–129n; conquerors of, 46n, 80n; Mahomedans, 74n"

Yurungkásh River, Xinjiang, China

"Yurungkásh (white Jade) River, i. 193n"

Ayutthaya, Thailand

"Yuthia, Ayuthia (Ayodhya), mediæval capital of Siam, 13, ii. 278n, 279n"

Champa, Vietnam

"Zampa, see Champa"

Zanzibar, Tanzania

"Zanghibar (Zangibar, Zanjibar, Zanzibar), ii. 405n, 412, 422, 424n"

Zanton, Shandong, China

"Zanton (Shantung?), 3"

Baghdad, Iraq

"Zapharan, monastery near Baghdad, i. 61n"

Circassia, North Caucasus, Russia

"Zic (Circassia), ii. 490, 492n"

Zinj, East Africa

"Zinj, Zinjis, ii. 424n, 426n"

Central Asia, Asia

"… the itineraries followed in Central Asia by the celebrated Venetian Traveller."

College de France, Paris, Île-de-France, France

"to Prof. Paul Pelliot, of the College de France, Paris, who furnished me with some of the more important notes."

8, rue de Siam, Paris

"HENRI CORDIER. Paris, 8, rue de Siam, 11th of November, 1919."

Palermo, Italy

"—— Notes [miscellaneous] by H. Yule, Palermo, August 28th, 1872. (Indian Antiquary, I. 1872, pp. 320–321.)"

Lesser Armenia, Turkey

"…on the Journey from the Lesser Armenia to the Court of the Great Kaan at Chandu"

Shangtu, Inner Mongolia, China

"Prologue … Sarai—Shang tu—Khitán inscription"

Persia, Iran

"Book I. Account of Regions visited … Cala Ataperistan—Persia—Fat-tailed sheep—The Caraunas Robbers"

Hormos, Iran

"Book I. … Pashai—Hormos—Tun-o-Kain—Tutia—Arbre sec—Old Man of the Mountain"

Badakhshan, Afghanistan

"Book I. … Road to Sapurgan—Dogana—Badakhshan—Wakhan—Plateau of Pamir—Paonano Pao"

Wakhan, Afghanistan

"Book I. … Dogana—Badakhshan—Wakhan—Plateau of Pamir—Paonano Pao"

Pamir Plateau, Tajikistan

"Book I. … Wakhan—Plateau of Pamir—Paonano Pao—Yue Chi"

Khotan, Xinjiang, China

"Book I. … Bolor—Khotan—Pein—City of Lop—Great Desert"

Lop, Xinjiang, China

"Book I. … Khotan—Pein—City of Lop—Great Desert—Camul"

Taklamakan Desert, Xinjiang, China

"Book I. … City of Lop—Great Desert—Camul—Chingintalas—Sukchur"

Cachar, Assam, India

"Book II. Part I. … Mongol Imperial Family—Hunting Leopard—Cachar Modun—Bark of Trees—Value of Gold"

Ch’ing Siang, China

"Book II. Part I. … Bark of Trees—Value of Gold—Ch’ing siang—Cycle of Twelve—Persian"

Cathay, China

"Book II. Part II. … Journey to the West and South-West of Cathay"

Si-ngan fu, China

"Book II. Part II. … Wine and Vines—Christian Monument at Si-ngan fu—Khumdan—Mubupa"

Tibet, China

"Book II. Part II. … Chien tao—Sindafu—Tibet—Wild Oxen—Kiung tu"

Grand Canal, China

"Book II. Part III. … Li T’an—Sinjumatu—Great Canal—Caiju—Lin Ngan"

Yang Chau, Jiangsu, China

"Book II. Part III. … Yanju—Yang Chau—Siege of Saianfu—P’ao—Alans"

Saianfu, China

"Book II. Part III. … Yang Chau—Siege of Saianfu—P’ao—Alans—Vuju"

Li T’an, China

"Book II. Part III. … Sangon—Li T’an—Sinjumatu—Great Canal—Caiju"

Manzi, China

"Book II. Part III. … Journey Southward through Eastern Provinces of Cathay and Manzi"

Lin Ngan, China

"Book II. Part III. … Caiju—Lin Ngan—Yanju—Yang Chau"

Yanju, China

"Book II. Part III. … Lin Ngan—Yanju—Yang Chau—Siege of Saianfu"

Peking, China

"Yen-king (Old Peking), i. 375n, 376n"

Burma, Southeast Asia

"Book II. Part II. … King of Mien—Burma—Nga-tshaung-gyan—Caugigu"

Wen River, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

"Wen River, ii. 139n"

Yiu-Ki, Fujian, China

"Yiu-ki River, ii. 230n"

Sarai, Russia

"Prologue … Sarai—Shang tu—Khitán inscription"

Southern India, India

"Book III. Japan, the Archipelago, Southern India, and the Coasts and Islands of the Indian Sea"

Chamba, Himachal Pradesh, India

"Book III. … Náfún—Japanese War—Chamba—Pulo Condore—Locac"

Pulo Condore, Vietnam

"Book III. … Chamba—Pulo Condore—Locac—Lawaki—Pentam"

Tanah Melayu, Malaysia

"Book III. … Lawaki—Pentam—Tana-Malayu—Malacca—Sumatra"

Malacca, Malaysia

"Book III. … Tana-Malayu—Malacca—Sumatra—Ferlec—Sago Tree"

Sumatra, Indonesia

"Book III. … Malacca—Sumatra—Ferlec—Sago Tree—Angamanain"

Ceylon, Sri Lanka

"Book III. … Angamanain—Dog-headed Barbarians—Ceylon—Sagamoni Borcan"

Tanjore, Tamil Nadu, India

"Book III. … Sagamoni Borcan—Barlaam and Josaphat—Tanjore—Chinese Pagoda at Negapatam"

Negapatam, Tamil Nadu, India

"Book III. … Tanjore—Chinese Pagoda at Negapatam—Suttees in India—Maabar"

India, South Asia

"Book III. … Chinese Pagoda at Negapatam—Suttees in India—Maabar"

Male, Maldives

"Book III. … Gozurat—Two Islands called Male and Female—Scotra—The Rukh"

Female, Maldives

"Book III. … Gozurat—Two Islands called Male and Female—Scotra—The Rukh"

Scotra, United Kingdom

"Book III. … Two Islands called Male and Female—Scotra—The Rukh"

Aden, Yemen

"Book III. … Zanghibar—Aden—Esher—Dufar—Frankincense"

Esher, Surrey, United Kingdom

"Book III. … Aden—Esher—Dufar—Frankincense"

Dhofar, Oman

"Book III. … Esher—Dufar—Frankincense"

Chandu, Mongolia

"Account of Regions visited … from the Lesser Armenia to the Court of the Great Kaan at Chandu"

North China, China

"The character T’ou 鍮 does not appear in the old dictionaries; its first appearance is in the History of the Toba (Tungusic) Dynasty of North China. This History first mentions the name ‘Persia’ in A.D. 455 and the existence there of this metal, which, a little later on, is also said to come from a State in the Cashmeer region."

Persia, Iran

"K’ang-hi’s seventeenth-century dictionary is more explicit: it states that Termed produces this ore, but that ‘the true sort comes from Persia, and looks like gold, but on being heated it turns carnation, and not black.’"

Kashmir, India

"This History first mentions the name ‘Persia’ in A.D. 455 and the existence there of this metal, which, a little later on, is also said to come from a State in the Cashmeer region."

Nishapur, Iran

"in 1222, on his way back after the taking of Nishapur, Tuli, son of Genghis, plundered the State of Mu-la-i, captured Herat, and joined his father at Talecan."

Herat, Afghanistan

"in 1222, on his way back after the taking of Nishapur, Tuli, son of Genghis, plundered the State of Mu-la-i, captured Herat, and joined his father at Talecan."

Talecan, Iran

"in 1222, on his way back after the taking of Nishapur, Tuli, son of Genghis, plundered the State of Mu-la-i, captured Herat, and joined his father at Talecan."

Sapurgan, Iran

"So after travelling for six days as I have told you, you come to a city called Sapurgan...."

Meshed, Iran

"Whether the true route be, as I suppose, by Nishapur and Meshed, or, as Khanikoff supposes, by Herat and Badghis, it is strange that no one of those famous cities is mentioned."

Badghis, Afghanistan

"Whether the true route be, as I suppose, by Nishapur and Meshed, or, as Khanikoff supposes, by Herat and Badghis, it is strange that no one of those famous cities is mentioned."

Sebsevar, Iran

"I travelled between Sebsevar and Meshed in the autumn of 1890, and I cannot perceive that Marco Polo’s description is applicable to the country."

Seng-i-kal-i-deh, Iran

"Then there comes a boundless dreary steppe to the south. At the village Seng-i-kal-i-deh you enter an undulating country with immense flocks of sheep."

Kademgah, Iran

"the last day’s journey between Kademgah and Meshed I write: ‘The country rose and we entered a maze of low intricate hillocks...."

Balkh, Afghanistan

"From Balkh his wonderful journey proceeded further eastwards..."

Eastern Persia, Iran

"Precisely in Eastern Persia his descriptions are so brief that they leave free room for all kinds of speculations."

Muztāgh-Ata, Xinjiang, China

"which took me past Muztāgh-Ata to Lake Little Kara-kul..."

Lake Little Kara-kul, Xinjiang, China

"took me past Muztāgh-Ata to Lake Little Kara-kul, and then round the foot of the great glacier-crowned range northward into the Gez defile..."

Gez defile, Kashgar, Xinjiang, China

"then round the foot of the great glacier-crowned range northward into the Gez defile, finally debouching at Tāshmalik into the open plain of Kāshgari."

Tāshmalik, Xinjiang, China

"after leaving Tāsh-kurghān and Tagharma there is no local produce to be obtained until the oasis of Tāshmalik is reached."

Kāshgar, Xinjiang, China

"my steps, like those of Hiuan-tsang, were directed towards Kāshgar...."

Tagharma, Xinjiang, China

"after leaving Tāsh-kurghān and Tagharma there is no local produce to be obtained until the oasis of Tāshmalik is reached."

Yarkand, Xinjiang, China

"from the hamlets of ‘Sarcil’ (Sarīkol, i.e. Tāsh-kurghān) to ‘Hiarchan’ (Yarkand) — a distance of some 188 miles..."

Russia

"Book IV. Wars among the Tartar Princes and Some Account of the Northern Countries 127 Russia"

Lesser Armenia, Turkey

"ACCOUNT OF REGIONS VISITED OR HEARD OF ON THE JOURNEY FROM THE LESSER ARMENIA TO THE COURT OF THE GREAT KAAN AT CHANDU."

Chandu, Mongolia

"ACCOUNT OF REGIONS VISITED OR HEARD OF ON THE JOURNEY FROM THE LESSER ARMENIA TO THE COURT OF THE GREAT KAAN AT CHANDU."

Alashan, Inner Mongolia, China

"Alashan is not an abbreviation of Alade-Shan and has nothing to do with the name of Eleuth, written in Mongol Ögälät."

Tokuk Dawān, Eastern Pamirs, Tajikistan

"even when the summer floods close the passage through the lower Gez defile, and render it necessary to follow the circuitous track over the Tokuk Dawān or ‘Nine Passes.’"

Sarhad, Wakhan, Afghanistan

"At Sarhad, Afghan Wakhan, Stein, Ruins of Desert Cathay, I., p. 69, writes: “There was little about the low grey houses..."

Baroghil, Afghanistan

"And as I looked south towards the snow-covered saddle of the Baroghil, the route I had followed myself..."

Yasin, Pakistan

"Here was the base from which Yasin could be invaded and the Tibetans ousted from their hold upon the straight route to the Indus."

Hunza, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan

"The Balur country would then include Hunza, Nagar, possibly Tásh Kurghán, Gilgit, Panyál, Yasin, Chitrál, and probably the tract now known as Kafiristan."

Nagar, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan

"The Balur country would then include Hunza, Nagar, possibly Tásh Kurghán, Gilgit, Panyál, Yasin, Chitrál, and probably the tract now known as Kafiristan."

Panyál, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan

"The Balur country would then include Hunza, Nagar, possibly Tásh Kurghán, Gilgit, Panyál, Yasin, Chitrál, and probably the tract now known as Kafiristan."

Chitrál, Pakistan

"The Balur country would then include ... Chitrál, and probably the tract now known as Kafiristan."

Dogana, Tokhara

"The country of Dogana is quite certain to be the Chinese T’u-ho-lo or Tokhara; for the position suits, and, moreover, nearly all the other places named by Marco Polo along with Dogana occur in Chinese History along with Tokhara many centuries before Polo’s arrival."

Badakhshan, Afghanistan

"We read in the Tarikh-i-Rashidi of Mirza Haidar ... to Balur, which is a country of infidels [Káfiristán], between Badakhshan and Kashmir..."

Pashai, Badakhshan, Afghanistan

"You must know that ten days’ journey to the south of Badashan there is a province called Pashai, the people of which have a peculiar language, and are Idolaters, of a brown complexion."

Keshimur, Badakhshan, Afghanistan

"Now let us proceed and speak of another country which is seven day’s journey from this one [Pashai] towards the south-east, and the name of which is Keshimur."

Samarcand, Uzbekistan

"The Chinese Toba Dynasty History mentions, in company with Samarcand, K’a-shī-mih (Cashmeer), and Kapisa, a State called Pan-shê..."

Kapisa, Afghanistan

"The Chinese Toba Dynasty History mentions, in company with Samarcand, K’a-shī-mih (Cashmeer), and Kapisa, a State called Pan-shê..."

Pan-shê, Central Asia

"The Chinese Toba Dynasty History mentions ... a State called Pan-shê, as sending tribute to North China along with the Persian group of States."

Lien-yün, Afghanistan

"and made the three columns of his Chinese Army concentrate upon the stronghold of Lien-yün, opposite the present Sarhad."

Sárigh-Kul, Tajikistan

"while Sir H. Yule’s map makes it embrace Sárigh-Kul and the greater part of the eastern Pamirs."

Eastern Pamirs, Tajikistan

"and the greater part of the eastern Pamirs."

Tibet, China

"Here was the base from which Yasin could be invaded and the Tibetans ousted from their hold upon the straight route to the Indus."

Ishkāshim, Afghanistan

"To these Sad Ishtragh, the tract extending from Dīgargand to Ishkāshim, is declared to have been added in recent times."

Zebak, Afghanistan

"To these Sad Ishtragh, the tract extending from Dīgargand to Ishkāshim, is declared to have been added in recent times."

Balur, Afghanistan

"We read in the Tarikh-i-Rashidi of Mirza Haidar ... that Sultán Said Khán ... sent the writer ... to Balur, which is a country of infidels [Káfiristán], between Badakhshan and Kashmir."

Kabul, Afghanistan

"It is bounded on the east by the province of Káshgar and Yárkand; on the north by Badakhshán; on the west by Kábul and Lumghán; and on the south by the dependencies of Kashmir."

Lumghán, Afghanistan

"It is bounded on the east by the province of Káshgar and Yárkand; on the north by Badakhshán; on the west by Kábul and Lumghán; and on the south by the dependencies of Kashmir."

Kafiristan, Afghanistan

"… and probably the tract now known as Kafiristan."

Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

"Speaking from personal knowledge of almost the whole of the ground I should be prepared to do the ride myself by the following stages: Dīr, Warai, Sado, Chakdara, Kin kargalai, Bájkatta, Kai or Darband on the Indus."

Warai, Pakistan

"Speaking from personal knowledge... by the following stages: Dīr, Warai, Sado, Chakdara, Kin kargalai, Bájkatta, Kai or Darband on the Indus."

Sado, Pakistan

"Speaking from personal knowledge... by the following stages: Dīr, Warai, Sado, Chakdara, Kin kargalai, Bájkatta, Kai or Darband on the Indus."

Chakdara, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

"Speaking from personal knowledge... by the following stages: Dīr, Warai, Sado, Chakdara, Kin kargalai, Bájkatta, Kai or Darband on the Indus."

Kin kargalai, Pakistan

"Speaking from personal knowledge... by the following stages: Dīr, Warai, Sado, Chakdara, Kin kargalai, Bájkatta, Kai or Darband on the Indus."

Bájkatta, Pakistan

"Speaking from personal knowledge... by the following stages: Dīr, Warai, Sado, Chakdara, Kin kargalai, Bájkatta, Kai or Darband on the Indus."

Agrōr, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

"Starting from some point like Arnawal on the Kūnār River ... could easily reach the border of Agrōr on the Indus within seven days."

Dīgargand, Afghanistan

"To these Sad Ishtragh, the tract extending from Dīgargand to Ishkāshim, is declared to have been added in recent times."

Khotan, Xinjiang, China

"When Marco Polo visited Khotan on his way to China, between the years 1271 and 1275, the people of the oasis were flourishing … His description of the territories further east, Pein, Cherchen, and Lop, which he passed through before crossing ‘the Great Desert’ to Sha-chou..."

Urga, Mongolia

"GURUN. Gurun = Kurun = Chinese K’u lun = Mongol Urga."

Darband, Khorasan, Iran

"Speaking from personal knowledge... by the following stages: Dīr, Warai, Sado, Chakdara, Kin kargalai, Bájkatta, Kai or Darband on the Indus."

Keriya, Xinjiang, China

"‘Keriya, the Pein of Marco Polo and Pimo of Hwen Tsiang, writes Huntington, is a pleasant district, with a population of about fifteen thousand souls.’"

Cherchen, Xinjiang, China

"… his description of the territories further east, Pein, Cherchen, and Lop, which he passed through before crossing ‘the Great Desert’ to Sha-chou…"

Lop, Xinjiang, China

"Marco Polo’s Lop, ‘a large town at the edge of the Desert’ where travellers repose before entering on the Desert …"

Dunhuang, Gansu, China

"… before crossing ‘the Great Desert’ to Sha-chou – also known as Tun-huang, celebrated for its ‘Caves of Thousand Buddhas’ …"

Gansu, China

"… the route from Khotan into Kan-su was in his time a regular caravan road."

Yarkand, Xinjiang, China

"While the neighbouring Yarkand owed allegiance to Kaidu, the ruler of the Chagatai dominion…"

Yotkhan, Khotan, Xinjiang, China

"… the ancient capital Yotkhan, discovered thirty‐five years ago and visited in 1891 by MM. de Rhins and Grenard, probably furnishes a clue to the ancient Chinese name of Yu‐t’ien."

Gaochang, Xinjiang, China

"Fa‐hien was obliged to go to Kao ch’ang, and then turn sharp south to Khoten."

Niya, Xinjiang, China

"… in the distance table: Keriya (Pimo) to Niya (Niyang) 64 miles."

Endereh, Xinjiang, China

"… in the distance table: Niya (Niyang) to Endereh (Tuholo) 94 miles."

Kotāk Sheri, Xinjiang, China

"… in the distance table: Endereh (Tuholo) to Kotāk Sheri? (Chemotona) 138? miles."

Lulan, Xinjiang, China

"… in the distance table: Kotak Sheri (Chemotona) to Lulan (Nafopo) 264? miles."

Charchan, Xinjiang, China

"… ‘Over all the mountains of this province rhubarb is found in great abundance…’ and Che‐ch’an reappears as Charchan."

Charklik, Xinjiang, China

"In his third journey, Stein arrived at Charkhlik on January 8 – the modest oasis representing Marco Polo’s ‘City of Lop’ in the present day."

Lop Nor, Xinjiang, China

"… for the explorations planned during the next three months in the desert between Lop‐nor and Tunhuang."

Ürümqi, Xinjiang, China

"… the Governor of Urumtsi (Ürümqi) and the capital of the New Territory."

Little Bucharia, Xinjiang, China

"… the Chinese (Manchu) agent at Urga had not any control over the Little Bucharia Cities."

Hami, Xinjiang, China

"The native Mohammedan Princes of Hami have still left to them a certain amount of home rule."

Beijing, China

"… a decree appointing the rotation of visits to Peking was issued."

Chingintalas, Xinjiang, China

"OF THE PROVINCE OF CHINGINTALAS as noted by Prof. E. H. Parker."

Sukchur, Xinjiang, China

"OF THE PROVINCE OF SUKCHUR – ‘Over all the mountains of this province rhubarb is found in great abundance…’"

Qamul, Xinjiang, China

"… a long note in the second edition of Cathay discusses the discreditable custom of the people of Qamul."

Kamchau, Xinjiang, China

"OF THE CITY OF CAMPICHU – in this city of Kamchau there is an idol temple five hundred cubits square."

Ha-la T’u, China

"… the conqueror died at the travelling‐palace of Ha-la T’u on the Sa-li stream."

Sa-lê-chu River, Mongolia

"… also mentioned is the Sa-lê-chu River, both identified as being in Mongolia."

Upper Wei River, Shaanxi, China

"… it is assumed that Chingiz Khan died on the Upper Wei River near the frontiers joining modern Kan Suh and Shen Si provinces."

Ts’ing-shui, Shaanxi, China

"… less than a month before his death he was present at Ts’ing-shui (lat. 34½°, long. 106½°)."

T’ung-kwan, Shaanxi, China

"… on his dying bed he gave instructions to meet the Nüchên army at T’ung-kwan (lat. 34½°, long. 110¼°)."

K’ie-t’ai, Xinjiang, China

"… listed as a postal station near those of K’ie-t’ai, Che-ch’an and Wo-tuan."

Kan Suh Sin-kiang Sün-fu, Xinjiang, China

"… the Little Bucharia Cities have been placed under the Governor of the New Territory (Kan Suh Sin-kiang Sün-fu), whose capital is at Urumtsi."

Urga, Mongolia

"… the Chinese (Manchu) agent at Urga has not had any control over the Little Bucharia Cities."

Kerman, Iran

"There seems to be no doubt that Kerman in South Persia is the city to which the Kara-Cathayan refugee fled from China in 1124."

Samarkand, Uzbekistan

"… Kerminé is said to lie between Samarkand and Bokhara."

Bukhara, Uzbekistan

"… Kerminé is said to lie between Samarkand and Bokhara."

Caves of Thousand Buddhas, Dunhuang, Gansu, China

"Sachiu, or rather Tun-hwang, is celebrated for its ‘Caves of Thousand Buddhas’ as described by Sir Aurel Stein."

Green Dome, Kerman, Iran

"Major Sykes mentions the Kuba Sabz, or ‘Green Dome,’ as having been the most conspicuous building and the tomb of the Kara-Khitai Dynasty in Kerman."

Lob Nor, Xinjiang, China

"the ancient Shen-shen State of Lob Nor and Koko Nor, which, after its conquest by China in 609, was turned into the Shen-shen prefecture."

Koko Nor, Xinjiang, China

"the ancient Shen-shen State of Lob Nor and Koko Nor, which, after its conquest by China in 609, was turned into the Shen-shen prefecture."

Kam Chou, China

"in fact, the Sui Emperor was himself at Kam Chou or ‘Campichu’ when this very step was taken."

Si-ngan fu, China

"Marco Polo’s Sinju certainly seems to be the site of Si-ning, but not on the grounds suggested in the various notes. In 1099 the new city of Shen Chou was created by the Sung or ‘Manzi’ Dynasty on the site of what had been called Ts’ing-t’ang, and the great central city of Shen Chou was the modern Si-ning."

Ta-t’sien lu, Lithang, Tibet, China

"Gaubil’s statement that he was wounded in 1212 by a stray arrow compelled him to raise the siege of Ta-t’ung Fu."

Sa-lê-chu River, Mongolia

"… the Sa-li River (not stream) is thrice mentioned, together with the Sa-lê-chu River, both in Mongolia."

Mongolia, Asia

"King George of Marco Polo and Monte Corvino was killed in Mongolia in 1298."

Selenga River, Mongolia

"TENDUC. Prof. Pelliot thinks that it might be Tien tö, 天德, on the river So ling (Selenga)."

Hasanábad, Khorasan, Iran

"[1] The eight stages would be:—(1) Hasanábad, 21 miles; ..."

Darband, Khorasan, Iran

"[1] The eight stages would be: ... (2) Darband, 28 miles; ..."

Chehel Pái, Khorasan, Iran

"[1] The eight stages would be: ... (3) Chehel Pái, 23 miles; ..."

Naiband, Khorasan, Iran

"[1] The eight stages would be: ... (4) Naiband, 39 miles; ..."

Zenagán, Khorasan, Iran

"[1] The eight stages would be: ... (5) Zenagán, 47 miles; ..."

Duhuk, Iraqi Kurdistan, Iraq

"[1] The eight stages would be: ... (6) Duhuk, 25 miles; ..."

Chah Khusháb, Khorasan, Iran

"[1] The eight stages would be: ... (7) Chah Khusháb, 36 miles; ..."

Tun, Khorasan, Iran

"[1] The eight stages would be: ... (8) Tun, 23 miles."

Cathay, China

"the silver p’ai, or tablets of the Cathayans"

Beijing, China

"Numugan was made Prince of the Peking region (Pêh-p’ing) in 1266"

Yunnan, China

"Essen Temur is spoken of as Prince of Yün Nan in 1285"

Dali, Yunnan, China

"Hukaji was sent to take charge of Ta-li, Chagan-jang, Zardandan, etc."

Shenyang, Liaoning, China

"Ai-ya-ch’ih is mentioned as being at Shên Chou (Mukden) in connection with Kúblái’s expedition"

Cachar, Assam, India

"CACHAR Modun must be the place called Ha-ch’a-mu-touen in the Yuan Shi"

Cairo, Egypt

"Ahmed Shibab Eddin, who died in Cairo in 1338"

John Crerar Library, Chicago, Illinois, United States

"the copy used by me (in the John Crerar Library of Chicago)"

Vienna, Austria

"Mikroskopische Untersuchung alter ostturkestanischer Papiere, p. 9 (Vienna, 1902)"

Paris, France

"[1] Industries anciennes et modernes de l’Empire chinois. Paris, 1869, pp. 145, 149."

Paris, France

"[2] Résumé des principaux Traités chinois sur la culture des mûriers et l’éducation des vers à soie, Paris, 1837, p. 98."

Paris, France

"[4] Relations des Musulmans avec les Chinois (Centenaire de l’Ecole des Langues Orientales vivantes, Paris, 1895, p. 17)."

Khotan, Xinjiang, China

"paper is still manufactured from mulberry trees in Khotan"

Persia, Iran

"the mulberry tree is eagerly cultivated in Persia in connection with the silk industry"

Bengal, India

"Mulberry-bark paper is ascribed to Bengal in the Si yang ch’ao kung tien lu by Wu Kiën-hwang, published in 1520."

South China, China

"quand Marco Polo appelle la Chine du sud Manzi"

Tibet, China

"nor in the note I have supplied touching Tibet is he styled a hwang-tsz or ‘imperial son.’"

Cathay, China

"There grow here [Taianfu] many excellent vines, supplying great plenty of wine; and in all Cathay this is the only place where wine is produced."

Shan Si, China

"Polo is quite right in ascribing vines and wine to T’aï Yüan-fu in Shan Si, and is in this respect upheld by contemporary Chinese sources."

Farghânah, Central Asia

"We know that vine, according to Sze-ma Ts’ien, was imported from Farghânah about 100 B.C."

T’ai hang Mountain, Shan Si, China

"In the eighth month they went to the T’ai hang Mountain, in order to test the genuine and adulterated brands."

Si-ngan fu, China

"The slab King kiao pei, bearing the inscription, was found in the sub‐prefecture of Chau Chi, a dependency of Si-ngan fu, among ancient ruins."

Chau Chi, Si-ngan fu, China

"The slab King kiao pei, bearing the inscription, was found in the sub‐prefecture of Chau Chi, a dependency of Si-ngan fu."

Pei lin, Si-ngan fu, China

"It was removed without the stone pedestal into the city on the 2nd October 1907, and it is now kept in the museum known as the Pei lin (Forest of Tablets)."

Chengdu, Sichuan, China

"Tch’eng Tu was the capital of the Kingdom of Shu; the capital was also Ch’eng Tu under these two dynasties."

Tibet, China

"Speaking of the people of Tibet, Polo says: “They are very poorly clad, for their clothes are only of the skins of beasts, and of canvas, and of buckram.”"

Arménie, Armenia

"…le meilleur se fabriquait en Arménie et dans le royaume de Mélibar…"

Espagne, Spain

"…Sorti des manufactures d’Espagne ou importé dans le royaume, à partir de 1442…"

Chypre, Cyprus

"Il en venait également de l’île de Chypre."

Po Lo, Si-fan, Tibet, China

"Speaking of the Sifan village of Po Lo and the account given by Marco Polo of the customs of these people…"

Ta Hsien, Sichuan, China

"…but in the present day that channel is insignificant in comparison to the one which passes by Ta Hsien, Yung-Chia Chong, and Hsin-Chin Hsien."

Yung-Chia Chong, Sichuan, China

"…but in the present day that channel is insignificant in comparison to the one which passes by Ta Hsien, Yung-Chia Chong, and Hsin-Chin Hsien."

Hsin-Chin Hsien, Sichuan, China

"…but in the present day that channel is insignificant in comparison to the one which passes by Ta Hsien, Yung-Chia Chong, and Hsin-Chin Hsien."

Sz Ch’wan, China

"For nearly a century the Wu family had ruled as semi-independent Sung Viceroys of Sz Ch’wan."

Aru Islands, Indonesia

"Aru, 108 (from the INDEX)."

Vatican City, Italy

"this replica was purchased by Mrs. George Leary, of 1053, Fifth Avenue, New York, and presented by this lady, through Frits Holm, to the Vatican."

Taianfu, Shan‐si, China

"There grow here [Taianfu] many excellent vines, supplying great plenty of wine; and in all Cathay this is the only place where wine is produced."

Ki-chau, Shan-si, China

"Under the Yüan Dynasty grape-wine was manufactured in Ki-ning and other circuits of Shan Si Province."

Tiao-yü Ch’êng, China

"…apparently near the Tiao-yü Ch’êng of my map…"

Kan Su, Si-ngan fu, China

"…as it stood outside the west gate of Si-ngan, south of the road to Kan Su…"

Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, New York, United States

"this replica was deposited in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in the City of New York, as a loan, on the 16th of June, 1908."

Barcelona, Spain

"De la “Covada” en España. Por el Prof. Dr. Telesforo de Aranzadi, Barcelona…"

Hanoi, Vietnam

"The late Edouard Huber of Hanoi, writing from Burmese sources, throws new light on this subject…"

Caindu, Sichuan, China

"Kiung tu or Kiang tu is Caindu in Sze-Ch’wan; Kien tu is in Yun Nan."

Kien tu, Yunnan, China

"Kiung tu or Kiang tu is Caindu in Sze-Ch’wan; Kien tu is in Yun Nan."

Karajáng, Xinjiang, China

"One thousand Uighúr families had been transferred to Karajáng in 1285."

Bhamo, Myanmar

"…the road on the right bank of the Nam Ti and the Ta Ping leading to Bhamo viâ San Ta and Man Waing."

Kaung si, Myanmar

"…the three roads meet at the ‘City of the Head of the River’ [Kaung si] in Burma."

Nam Ti, Myanmar

"…the P’iao tien route is the road on the right bank of the Nam Ti and the Ta Ping leading to Bhamo…"

Ta Ping, Myanmar

"…the P’iao tien route is the road on the right bank of the Nam Ti and the Ta Ping leading to Bhamo viâ San Ta and Man Waing."

San Ta, Myanmar

"…leading to Bhamo viâ San Ta and Man Waing."

Man Waing, Myanmar

"…leading to Bhamo viâ San Ta and Man Waing."

T’eng Yueh, China

"…the road from Yung Ch’ang to T’eng Yueh is not the one indicated."

Yung Ch’ang, China

"In the eleventh moon of 1272 [...] Kúblái ‘presented the name Yung-ch’ang to the new city built by Prince Chi-pi T’ie-mu-r.’"

Pagan, Mandalay Region, Myanmar

"…the Court of Pagan was paramount over several feudatory Shan states; King Narasīhapati evacuated Pagan before the impending advancing Chinese forces."

Arakan, Myanmar

"…the Burmese kingdom included Upper and Lower Burma, Arakan and Tenasserim…"

Tenasserim, Myanmar

"…the Burmese kingdom included Upper and Lower Burma, Arakan and Tenasserim…"

Irawadi Valley, Myanmar

"…penetrated more into the south in the Irawadi Valley…"

Prome, Myanmar

"King Narasīhapati evacuated Pagan [...] and was later poisoned at Prome by his own son Sīhasūra."

Myin-saing, Myanmar

"a fifth and last Chinese expedition took place during the autumn of 1300 when the Chinese army went down the Irawadi Valley and besieged Myin-saing during the winter of 1300–1301."

Ta tu k’ou, Salween, Myanmar

"Before the Hui jen Bridge was built over the Salween in 1829, there can be no doubt that the road ran to Ta tu k’ou — great ferry place — which is about six miles below the present bridge."

Hui jen Bridge, Myanmar

"Before the Hui jen Bridge was built over the Salween in 1829…"

Siam, Thailand

"…the porcelain coins which… were current in the Shan States or Siam."

Shan States, Myanmar

"…the porcelain coins which… were current in the Shan States or Siam."

Peking, China

"The vocabulary Hwei Hwei (Mahomedan) of the College of Interpreters at Peking transcribes King chao from the Persian Kin-chang."

Chen Si, China

"…‘Quen-zan-fou,’ qu’un écolier chinois du Chen Si fournit à M. von Richthofen comme le nom de Si-ngan fou…"

Ta T’sin, China

"…a clause in the edict also orders the foreign bonzes of Ta T’sin and Mubupa to return to secular life."

Niu Wang Plain, Burma

"probably along the side of the stream which drains the Niu Wang Plain."

La-mêng, Shan States, Burma

"La-mêng and Chen an so are in the territory of the Shan Sawbwa of Mang Shih [Möng Hkwan]."

Chen an so, Shan States, Burma

"La-mêng and Chen an so are in the territory of the Shan Sawbwa of Mang Shih [Möng Hkwan]."

Mang Shih (Möng Hkwan), Shan States, Burma

"La-mêng and Chen an so are in the territory of the Shan Sawbwa of Mang Shih [Möng Hkwan]."

Hsen-wi, Burma

"the Shan States of Hsen-wi (in Burma) and Meng mao (in China) fell under Chinese authority at an early date."

Meng mao, China

"the Shan States of Hsen-wi (in Burma) and Meng mao (in China) fell under Chinese authority at an early date."

Annam, Vietnam

"During the reign of the Mongol Emperor Kúblái a General was sent to punish Annam and passed through this territory or parts of it called Meng tu and Meng pang."

Muh Pang, Burma

"In the year 1289 the Civil and Military Governorship of Muh Pang was established. Muh Pang is the Chinese name of Hsen-wi."

Ning-yuan fu, Yunnan, China

"Caindu or Ning Yuan was, under the Mongols, a dependency of Yun Nan, not of Sze Ch’wan."

Han-chung, Shen-si, China

"…there are many such roads in Sz Ch’wan besides the original one from Han-chung-Fu."

Li-kiang fu, Yunnan, China

"In 1277 a Customs station was established at Tiao-mên and Li-Chou [Ts’ing-k’i Hien in Ya-chou Fu] for the purposes of Tu-fan trade."

Ya-chau, Sichuan, China

"…[Tiao-mên and Li-Chou] [Ts’ing-k’i Hien in Ya-chou Fu]…"

Zardandan, Yunnan, China

"CONCERNING THE PROVINCE OF ZARDANDAN. “The country is wild and hard of access, full of great woods and mountains which ’tis impossible to pass…"

Salween River, Myanmar

"steady drop to the Salween, probably along the side of the stream which drains the Niu Wang Plain."

Tiao-yü Ch’êng, China

"…about a fortnight later he died at a place called Tiao-yü Shan, apparently near the Tiao-yü Ch’êng of my map…"

La-mêng, Shan States, Burma

"The Salween was crossed on the third day at La-mêng Ferry."

Tagaung, Burma

"Fifteen days from La-mêng to Tagaung or Old Pagan is not an impossible feat."

Lung Ling, Burma

"Lung Ling is reached in 1½ days, Keng Yang in four, and it is possible to do the remaining distance about a couple of hundred miles in eleven days, making fifteen in all."

Keng Yang, Burma

"Lung Ling is reached in 1½ days, Keng Yang in four, and it is possible to do the remaining distance about a couple of hundred miles in eleven days, making fifteen in all."

Mandalay district, Burma

"According to the late E. Huber, Ngan chen kue is not Nga-çaung-khyam, but Nga Singu, in the Mandalay district."

Yung Ch’ang plain, Burma

"The battle took place, not in the Yung Ch’ang plain, but in the territory of the Shan Chief of Nan-tien."

Nan-tien, China

"The battle took place, not in the Yung Ch’ang plain, but in the territory of the Shan Chief of Nan-tien. The official description of China under the Ming tells us that Nan-tien before its annexation by Kúblái Khan, bore the name of Nan Sung or Nang Sung..."

T’eng Yueh, China

"and to-day the pass which cuts this territory in the direction of T’eng Yueh is called Nang-Sung-kwan."

Nang-Sung-kwan, Nan-tien, China

"to-day the pass which cuts this territory in the direction of T’eng Yueh is called Nang-Sung-kwan. It is hardly possible to doubt that this is the place called Nga-çaung-khyam by the Burmese Chronicles."

Irrawaddy River, Burma

"A Map in the Yun Nan Topography Section 9, “Tu-ssu” or Sawbwas, marks the Kingdom of “Eight hundred wives” between the mouths of the Irrawaddy and the Salween Rivers."

Tung King, China

"I have identified, II., p. 131, Caugigu with Kiao-Chi kwé (Kiao Chi), i.e. Tung King."

Tsushima, Japan

"JAPANESE WAR. “Hung Ts’a-k’iu, who set out overland viâ Corea and Tsushima in 1281, is much more likely than Fan Wên-hu to be Von-sain-chin …"

Champa, Vietnam

"CHAMPA. Lieut.-General Sagatu, So Tu or So To, sent in 1278 an envoy to the King known as Indravarman VI. or Jaya Sinhavarman. Maspero (Champa, pp. 237, 254) gives the date of 1282 for the war against Champa with Sagatu appointed at the head of the Chinese Army on the 16th July, 1282; the war lasted until 1285."

Sendi Foulat, China

"SONDUR AND CONDUR (PULO CONDORE). “L’île de Sendi Foulat est très grande; il y a de l’eau douce, des champs cultivés, du riz et des cocotiers. Le roi s’appelle Resed. Les habitants portent la fouta soit en manteau, soit en ceinture.... L’île de Sendi Foulat est entourée, du côté de la Chine, de montagnes d’un difficile accès, et où soufflent des vents impétueux. Cette île est une des portes de la Chine. De là à la ville de Khancou, X journées.”"

Ligor, Thailand

"LOCAC. According to W. Tomaschek (Die topographischen Capitel des Indischen Seespiegels Moḥīṭ, Vienna, 1897, Map XXIII.) it should be read Lōšak = The Lochac … M. Ferrand places it in the region of Ligor."

Lovek, Cambodia

"LAWÁKI. Lawáki comes from Lovek, a former capital of Cambodia; referring to the aloes-wood called Lawáki in the Ain-i-Akbari written in the 16th century, Ferrand, Textes, I., p. 285 n., remarks: “On vient de voir que Ibn-al-Bayṭār…”"

Singapore Island, Singapore

"OF THE ISLAND CALLED PENTAM, AND THE CITY MALAIUR. … “The island of Pentam, Paten, or Pantem must therefore be the Be-Tūmah (Island) of the Arab Navigators, the Tamasak Island of the Malays; and, in short, the Singapore Island of our day.”"

Singapore Strait, Singapore

"There exists to this day a village Bentam on the mainland side of Singapore Strait, right opposite the mouth of the Sungei Selitar, on the northern shore of Singapore Island, it is not likely that both travellers [Polo and Odoric] mistook the coast of the Malay Peninsula for an island."

Johor, Malaysia

"… and the channel (i.e. Rhio Strait) has far more than four paces’ depth of water, whereas there are no more than two fathoms at the western entrance to the Old Singapore Strait. The Old Strait or Selat Tebrau, says N. B. Dennys, Descriptive Dict. of British Malaya, separating Singapore from Johore."

Sungei Malāyu, Johor, Malaysia

"OF THE ISLAND CALLED PENTAM, AND THE CITY MALAIUR. … witness the river Malāyu (Sungei Malāyu) still so called, and the village Bentan, both lying there on the northern shore of the Old Singapore Strait."

Bentan, Johor, Malaysia

"There exists to this day a village Bentam on the mainland side of Singapore Strait, right opposite the mouth of the Sungei Selitar, on the northern shore of Singapore Island…"

Batam, Indonesia

"Batang, girt all round by dangerous reefs, is inaccessible except to small boats."

Bintan, Indonesia

"So is Bintang, with the exception of its south-western side, where is now Riāu, and where, a little further towards the north, was the settlement at which the chief of the island resided in the fourteenth century."

Riau, Indonesia

"… with the exception of its south-western side, where is now Riāu, and where, a little further towards the north, was the settlement at which the chief of the island resided in the fourteenth century."

Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu, India

"CHINESE PAGODA AT NEGAPATAM. … In the Tao yi chi lio (1349) it is related that these characters have been engraved by some Chinese in imitation of inscriptions on stone; up to the present time, they have not been destroyed."

Khancou, China

"L’île de Sendi Foulat … Cette île est une des portes de la Chine. De là à la ville de Khancou, X journées."

Korea, East Asia

"JAPANESE WAR. “Hung Ts’a-k’iu, who set out overland viâ Corea and Tsushima in 1281, is much more likely than Fan Wên-hu to be Von-sain-chin (probably a misprint for chiu), for the same reason Vo-cim stands for Yung-ch’ang, and sa for sha, ch’a, ts’a, etc."

Yung Ch’ang, China

"Therefore the road from Yung Ch’ang to La-mêng fulfils the conditions of a great descent, riding two and a half days continually down hill finding oneself in a (Shan) Province to the south, besides being on a well-known road to Burma."

Pagan, Mandalay Region, Myanmar

"Fifteen days from La-mêng to Tagaung or Old Pagan is not an impossible feat. I confess I do not see how any one could march to Pagan in Latitude 21° 13′ in fifteen days."

Tanjore, Tamil Nadu, India

"TANJORE. Speaking of Chu-lién (Chola Dominion, Coromandel Coast), Chau Ju-kwa, pp. 93–4, says: “The kingdom of Chu-lién is the Southern Yin-tu of the west. To the east (its capital) is five li distant from the sea; to the west one comes to Western India (after) 1500 li; to the south one comes to Lo-lan (after) 2500 li; to the north one comes to Tun-t’ien (after) 3000 li.”"

Kaveripattanam, Tamil Nadu, India

"Yule, Marco Polo, II, p. 335, places the principal port of the Chola kingdom at Kaveripattanam, the Paṭṭaṇam par excellence of the Coromandel Coast."

Bamian, Afghanistan

"… the only Lo-lan known to mediæval Chinese is mentioned in the T’ang-shu, 2218, and is identified with the capital of Bamian, in Afghanistan."

Turfan, Xinjiang, China

"BARLAAM AND JOSAPHAT. The German traveller von Le Coq has found at Turfan fragments of this legend in Turki which he published in 1912 in his Türkische Manichaica…"

Qum, Iran

"… the legend given by the Persian Ibn Bâbawaih of Qum, who died in 991."

Jambi, Indonesia

"TĀNA-MALAYU. … Le taná Malayo de Barros s’applique donc à un pays déterminé du nom de Malāyu qui, d’après l’auteur des Décades, était situé entre Djambi et Palembaṅ."

Palembang, Indonesia

"… était situé entre Djambi et Palembaṅ."

Yunnan, China

"Speaking of Yung (or Wöng) man, Chau Ju-kwa tells us (p. 133): “In the mountains horse-raising is carried on. The other countries which trade here purchase horses, pearls and dates…”"

Kish, Iran

"You must know that the merchants of Kis and Hormes, Dofar and Soer and Aden collect great numbers of destriers and other horses…"

Hormuz, Iran

"You must know that the merchants of Kis and Hormes, Dofar and Soer and Aden collect great numbers of destriers and other horses…"

Dhofar, Oman

"You must know that the merchants of Kis and Hormes, Dofar and Soer and Aden collect great numbers of destriers and other horses…"

Surat, Gujarat, India

"You must know that the merchants of Kis and Hormes, Dofar and Soer and Aden collect great numbers of destriers and other horses…"

Aden, Yemen

"You must know that the merchants of Kis and Hormes, Dofar and Soer and Aden collect great numbers of destriers and other horses…"

Andaman Islands, India

"ANGAMANAIN. “When sailing from Lan-wu-li to Si-lan, if the wind is not fair, ships may be driven to a place called Yen-t’o-man [in Cantonese, An-t’o-man]. This is a group of two islands in the middle of the sea, one of them being large, the other small; the latter is quite uninhabited. …”"

Ceylon, Sri Lanka

"THE ISLAND OF CEYLON. “The people [of Ceylon] are Idolaters, and go quite naked except that they cover the middle.... The King of this Island possesses a ruby which is the finest and biggest in the world; I will tell you what it is like. …”"

Gujarat, India

"In Guzerat, Chau Ju-kwa, p. 92, mentions: “Four thousand Buddhist temple buildings, in which live over twenty thousand dancing-girls who sing twice daily while offering food to the Buddha (i.e., the idols) and while offering flowers.”"

Takht-i-Bahi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

"period of Indian history, save in that of the Takht-i-Bahi inscription of A.D. 46; nor, it may be added, any royal name, save that of Vāsudēva of Mathurā..."

Mathurā, Uttar Pradesh, India

"any royal name, save that of Vāsudēva of Mathurā, in any way resembling that of Mazdai."

Malabar, Kerala, India

"In Nan p’i (in Malabar) Chau Ju-kwa has (p. 88): “The native products include pearls, foreign cotton-stuff of all colours (i.e. coloured chintzes) and tou-lo mién (cotton-cloth).”"

Masulipatam, Andhra Pradesh, India

"Yule says was the famous muslin of Masulipatam."

Calicut, Kerala, India

"DUFAR. One reaches it from the kingdom of Ku-li (Calicut) journeying north-westward for ten days and nights."

Aden, Yemen

"ADEN. In the Ying yai shêng lan we read that “the kingdom (of A-tan) is on the sea-coast. It is rich and prosperous, the people follow the doctrine of the Moslems and their speech is Arabic..."

Shehr, Hadhramaut, Yemen

"THE CITY OF ESHER. Shehr, a port on the Hadhramaut coast, is mentioned by Chau Ju-kwa under the name of Shï ho among the dependencies of the country of the Ta-shï (Arabs)."

Dhofar, Oman

"DUFAR. We read in the Ying yai shêng lan: “This country [Tsu fa erh] is between the sea and the mountains. To the east and south is nothing but the sea. To the north and west are ranges of mountains.”"

Berbera, Somaliland, Somalia

"GIRAFFES. Speaking of Pi p’a lo (Berbera Coast) Chau Ju-kwa (p. 128) says: “There is also (in this country) a wild animal called tsu-la; it resembles a camel in shape, an ox in size, and is of a yellow colour..."

Chung-li, Somalia

"Chau Ju-kwa, at Chung-li (Somali Coast), has (p. 131): “Every year there are driven on the coast a great many dead fish measuring two hundred feet in length and twenty feet through the body..."

Madagascar, Africa

"Speaking of the bird Ruc at Madeigascar, Marco Polo says: “It is so strong that it will seize an elephant in its talons and carry him high into the air, and drop him so that he is smashed to pieces...”"

San-fo-ts’i, Hadhramaut, Yemen

"ZANGHIBAR. ... and it is for this reason that the incense is commonly collected at San-fo-ts’i [the three ports of the Hadhramaut coast]."

Malaysia, Southeast Asia

"TWO ISLANDS CALLED MALE AND FEMALE. Speaking of the fabulous countries of women, Chau Ju-kwa writes: “The women of this country [to the south-east (beyond Sha-hua kung?) Malaysia] conceive by exposing themselves naked to the full force of the south wind..."

Zanzibar, Tanzania

"ZANGHIBAR. We read in the Tao i chi lio: “This country [Ts’eng yao lo] is to the south-west of the Ta Shih (Arabs)...”"

Russia

"It seems that Russia [Chinese A-lo-sz’ = Mongol Oros; the modern Chinese name for Russia is Wo-lo-sz’] was unknown to the nations of Eastern Asia before the Mongol period."

Asia Minor, Turkey

"Asia Minor, 20 (from the INDEX)."

Cail, Maabar

"THE CITY OF CAIL. Prof. E. H. Parker writes ... “Yule’s identification of Kayal with the Kolkhoi of Ptolemy is supported by the Sung History..."

Southern Russia, Russia

"In the Mongol and Chinese annals the Russians are first mentioned after Subutai’s invasion of Southern Russia in 1223."

Peking, China

"It is an interesting fact recorded in the Yüan shï that there was in the first half of the fourteenth century a settlement of Russians near Peking."

Ta tu, Peking

"Farther on in the same chapter it is stated that 140 king of land, north of Ta tu (Peking) was bought from the peasants and allotted to these Russians, to establish a camp and to form a military colony."

Hunterian Museum, Glasgow, Scotland

"II., p. 533. Glasgow, Hunterian Museum."

Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, France

"II., p. 534. Paris, see No. 18—Bibliothèque Nationale Département des Manuscrits—Livre des Merveilles, Odoric de Pordenone, Mandeville, Hayton, etc.—Reproduction des 265 miniatures du Manuscrit français 2810 de la Bibliothèque Nationale."

31, rue de Bellefond, Paris, France

"Paris, Imprimerie Berthaud frères, 31, rue de Bellefond, 2 vol. in–8."

Museum Plantin-Moretus, Antwerp, Belgium

"II., p. 539. Antwerp, Museum Plantin-Moretus."

Riccardian Library, Florence, Italy

"II., p. 542. Florence, Riccardian Library, Catalan."

El Escorial, Spain

"II., p. 546. Escurial, Latin, Pipino’s (?). See No. 60."

Nuremberg, Germany

"II., p. 548. Nuremberg."

Cathay, China

"… del gran Emperador del Catay | lo qual ha la seyoria del Gamballech et seyor de los Tartres ayi com ho reconta o messer March Pollo ciutada noble de Venecia."

Tangut, China

"Et primerament diun ay de la provincia de Tangut hon el stech XXVI. anys per saber la veritat de les coses daval scrites."

Venice, Italy

"… messer March Pollo ciutada noble de Venecia."

Vatican Library, Vatican City

"Ottob., sec. XIV., membr. of the Vatican Library (reproduced by Amat di S. Filippo)."

Lisbon, Portugal

"in his volume, Ineditos (Miscellanea), Lisboa, 1914, large 8vo:"

Hamburg, Germany

"Hamburg, Ernst Schultze, 1908, as seen in entry 1 of the bibliography."

Berlin, Germany

"Berlin, mentioned in entry 2 (Druck und Verlag von August Scherl in Berlin)."

Bari, Italy

"Bari, from entry 3 (Bari, Gius. Laterza & figli, 1912)."

Seville, Spain

"Seville, noted in entry 4 (Seville, 1518)."

Paris, France

"Paris, appearing in several entries (e.g., entry 7, entry 13, entry 29)."

Melbourne, Australia

"Melbourne, mentioned in entry 7 (Cassell and Company, London, Paris, New York and Melbourne, MCMIV)."

Moscow, Russia

"Moscow (Москва) from entry 9 (Москва, 1863)."

Stockholm, Sweden

"Stockholm, given in entries 10 and 11 (Stockholm, 1859 and Stockholm: Albert Bonniers Förlag)."

Göteborg, Sweden

"Göteborg, from entry 18 (Göteborg, 1906)."

St. Petersburg, Russia

"St. Petersburg, as in entry 26 (Printing Office of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 1912)."

Leiden, Netherlands

"Leiden (Leide) from entry 34 (Leide, E. J. Brill, 1918)."

Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India

"ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS. General Note. Both the Andaman and Nicobar Islands have been very closely studied by Indian Government officials..."

Nicobar Islands, India

"NICOBARS. P. 307. No king or chief.—This is incorrect. They have distinct village communities, as discussed in the text."

Narcondam, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India

"NARCONDAM. Narcondam, an island I know well, has a separate bibliography of its own. It belongs to the Sunda group of volcanoes..."

Andaman Islands, India

"ANDAMANS. Pp. 309–310, Note 1.—The Andamanese are not an ill‐looking race, as described in the supplementary note."

North Andaman, Andaman Islands, India

"Mentioned as part of the statement: 'To a voyager who did not land, the North, Middle, and South Andaman would appear as one great island..."

Middle Andaman, Andaman Islands, India

"Mentioned in the same sentence regarding the grouping of the Andaman islands."

South Andaman, Andaman Islands, India

"Mentioned in the grouping: 'North, Middle, and South Andaman'."

Little Andaman, Andaman Islands, India

"The text notes: '...whereas the strait separating these three islands from the Little Andaman would be quite distinctly seen."

Calcutta, India

"Referenced in the supplementary note: '…when seen in the streets of Calcutta in 1883, were at once recognised as Rakshasas."

Acre, Israel

"Acre, 4 (from the INDEX)."

Aden, Yemen

"Aden, 124 (from the INDEX)."

Aksu, Xinjiang, China

"Aksu, 39 (from the INDEX)."

Alashan, Inner Mongolia, China

"Alashan, 62 (from the INDEX)."

Amb, Pakistan

"Amb, 24 (from the INDEX)."

Antwerp, Belgium

"Antwerp, 134 (from the INDEX)."

Arabian Peninsula, Middle East

"Arabia, 19, 20 (from the INDEX)."

Arakan, Myanmar

"Arakan, 87 (from the INDEX)."

Armenia, Asia

"Arménie, 24 (from the INDEX)."

Chicago, Illinois

"Chicago, referenced in entry 14 (University of Chicago Press)."

Africa

"Africa, 19, 20, 21 (from the INDEX)."

London, England

"London, seen in entry 5 (London, John Murray, 1903) and elsewhere in the bibliography."

Oxford, England

"Oxford, noted in entry 17 (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1906)."

Georgia, United States

"The text begins with the description of the city of Lop, and ends with Georgia."

Amoy, China

"Amoy, 108 (from the INDEX)."

Ab-i-Panja Valley, Tajikistan

"Ab-i-Panja, 38 (from the INDEX)."

Lop, Xinjiang, China

"The text begins with the description of the city of Lop, and ends with Georgia."

Afghanistan, South Asia

"Afghanistan, 20, 24, 33, 112 (from the INDEX)."

Atyugrapura, India

"Atyugrapura, 24 (from the INDEX)."

Badakhshan, Afghanistan

"Badakhshan, 22, 23, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 42 (from the INDEX)."

Badghis, Afghanistan

"Badghis, 32 (from the INDEX)."

Baghdad, Iraq

"Baghdad, 5, 17 (from the INDEX)."

Bahabad, Iran

"Bahabad, 28, 29, 30 (from the INDEX)."

Bahārak, Iran

"Bahārak, 38 (from the INDEX)."

Lake Baikal, Russia

"Baikal, 61 (from the INDEX)."

Bajistan, Pakistan

"Bajistan, 30 (from the INDEX)."

Balkh, Afghanistan

"Balkh, 33 (from the INDEX)."

Baltistan, Pakistan

"Baltistán, 42 (from the INDEX)."

Baluchistan, Pakistan

"Baluchistan, 29 (from the INDEX)."

Bamiyan, Afghanistan

"Bamian, 112 (from the INDEX)."

Barbary, North Africa

"Barbary, 20 (from the INDEX)."

Bhamo, Myanmar

"Bhamo, 87 (from the INDEX)."

809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City

"The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887."

Mississippi, United States

"The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service."

Berbera, Somaliland, Somalia

"Berbera, 122, 123 (from the INDEX)."

New York, New York

"New York, referenced in entry 6 (Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1904) and other entries."

New York, New York

"New York and London, 1857."

New York, New York

"this replica was deposited in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in the City of New York, as a loan, on the 16th of June, 1908."

Chicago, Illinois

"to Dr. B. Laufer, of Chicago, to Sir Richard Temple, and to Prof. Paul Pelliot, of the College de France, Paris"

London, England

"… by W. N. Skelly, Esq. London, T. Richardson & Son."

London, England

"London, 1827."

London, England

"London, 1842."

London, England

"New York and London, 1857."

London, England

"London, 1870."

London, England

"London 4 2 1 ... ..."

Gilgit, Pakistan

"The Balur country would then include Hunza, Nagar, possibly Tásh Kurghán, Gilgit, Panyál, Yasin, Chitrál, and probably the tract now known as Kafiristan."

India, South Asia

"Marcvs Polvs Venetvs Totivs Orbis et Indie Peregrator Primus."

India, South Asia

"known it eaten by certain classes in India."

India, South Asia

"many ships of India come to these parts bringing many merchants"

India, South Asia

"for he remained so long in India, and enquired so diligently into the manners and peculiarities of the nations, that I can assure you there never was a single man before who learned so much and beheld so much as he did."

Borneo, Southeast Asia

"Friar Odoric speaks of the practice in one of the Indian Islands (apparently Borneo); and the stones possessing such virtue..."

Borneo, Southeast Asia

"Mr. St. John in Borneo met with a trader who had seen and felt the tails of such a race inhabiting the north‐east coast of that Island."

Egypt, Africa

"…just as the Greek galleys chase the Mussulmans in the sea of Rúm along the coasts of Syria and Egypt."

Egypt, Africa

"…passages about the journey from Gaza to Egypt (34), about Babylon of Egypt (40), about Mecca (42), the general account of Egypt (45)…"

Egypt, Africa

"ichneumon) formerly found in this part of Asia as well as in Egypt where it was venerated."

Levant, Middle East

"The merchants from Manzi, and from Arabia, and from the Levant come thither with their ships and their merchandise."

Levant, Middle East

"Abaga the Lord of the Levant had many districts and provinces bordering on King Caidu’s territories."

China, Asia

"this kind of cotton appears to be grown also in China, as we gather from a passage in Amyot’s Mémoires (II. 606)."

China, Asia

"… the territory subject to the ‘Great Kaan’, i.e. Kúblái, whom by that time almost the whole of the Middle Kingdom acknowledged as emperor."

China, Asia

"…the Isle of Women which Kazwini and Bakui place to the South of China; also a Chinese tradition related by Magaillans."

China, Asia

"Aden is mentioned in ch. cccxxxvi. of the Ming History as having sent an embassy to China in 1427."

France, Europe

"in various parts of France"

France, Europe

Japan, Asia

"…according to some writers the same practice was common in Japan, where the friends and vassals who were under the vow committed hara kiri at the death of their patron."

Japan, Asia

"NÁFÚN. Regarding the similitude between Nipon and Nafún, Ferrand, Textes, I., p. 115 n., remarks: “Ce rapprochement n’a aucune chance d’être exact. نافون Nafūn est certainement une erreur de graphie pour ياقوت Yākūt ou ناقوس Nāḳūs.”"

Japan, Asia

"Book III. Japan, the Archipelago, Southern India, and the Coasts and Islands of the Indian Sea"

Georgia, United States

"St. Leonard’s Convent in Georgia, and the fish miracle, i. 52, 58n"

Fifth Avenue, New York City

"…purchased by Mrs. George Leary, of 1053, Fifth Avenue, New York…"

Imperial Highway, Los Angeles, California

Germany, Europe

"The Annales Marbacenses in Pertz, XVII. 172, say under 1212, speaking of wars of the Emperor Otho in Germany: 'Ibi tunc cepit haberi usus instrumenti bellici…"

Lahore, Pakistan

"Dalivar, Dilivar, Diláwar (Lahore), a province of India, i. 99, 104n, 105n"

Russia

"Russia (Rosia), annexes Georgia, i. 53n, ii. 486; great cold, Arab accounts of, 487; silver mines, 488n; subject to Tartars, 489n; conquered by Batu, 489n —— leather, i. 6n, 394, 395n; clothes of, 295n Russians, trusty lieges of king, ii. 348n"

Red River, United States

"…the inhabitants of the Yünnan province have easy access to the ocean by the Red River, or Sung Ka."

Burma, Southeast Asia

"LI. —Wherein is related how the King of Mien and Bangala vowed vengeance against the Great Kaan 98 Notes.—2. Mien or Burma. Why the King may have been called King of Bengal also. 3. Numbers alleged to have been carried on elephants."

Hangzhou, China

"LXXVI. —Description of the Great City of Kinsay, which is the Capital of the whole Country of Manzi 185 Notes.—1. King-szé now Hang-chau. 2. The circuit ascribed to the City; the Bridges. 3. Hereditary Trades. 4. The Si-hu or Western Lake. 5. Dressiness of the People. 6. Charitable Establishments. 7. Paved roads. 8. Hot and Cold Baths. 9. Kanp’u, and the Hang-chau Estuary. 10. The Nine Provinces of Manzi. 11. The Kaan’s Garrisons in Manzi. 12. Mourning costume. 13. 14. Tickets recording inmates of houses."

Hangzhou, China

"One of the Hien, forming the special districts of Hang-Chau itself, now called Tsien-tang, was formerly called Tang-wei-tang."

Palembang, Indonesia

"VIII. —Of the Island called Pentam, and the City Malaiur 280 Notes.—1. City of Malaiur probably Palembang."

Kollam, Kerala, India

"Columbum (Quilon)..."

Malabar, Kerala, India

"15,000 or 20,000 from Cochin and Malabar, worth 15 to 20 ducats a cantar;"

Malabar, Kerala, India

"The tree is the Chloroxylon Dupada of Buchanan, and is, I imagine, the Dupu or Incense Tree of Rheede. The tree is a fine one, and forms beautiful avenues in Malabar and Canara."

Tana-Malayu, Malaysia

"Tana (Azov), 9, 43, 72, i. 4n, 6n, 19n"

Si-ngan fu, China

"Reduced Facsimile of the celebrated Christian Inscription of Singanfu, in Chinese and Syriac Characters... Cross on the Monument at Si-ngan fu."

Su-chau, China

"Suju is of course the celebrated city of Su-chau in Kiang-nan—before the rebellion brought ruin on it, the Paris of China!"

Hang-chau, China

"Map of Hang-chau fu and its Lake, from Chinese Sources."

Hang-chau, China

"The traveller’s route proceeds from Kinsay or Hang-chau southward to the mountains of Fo-kien, ascending the valley of the Ts’ien T’ang."

Hang-chau, China

"Farther on, the ports of Hang-chou and Fu-chou are also mentioned in connection with foreign trade."

Kiang-shan, Fo-kien, China

"According to Oxenham, Historical Atlas, there were ten provinces or sheng (… Kiang-che, …)"

Kiang-shan, Fo-kien, China

"the important post of Governor-General of Kiang-ché."

Kiang-shan, Fo-kien, China

"Pauthier has also endeavoured to present a table of the whole revenue of Kiang-Ché under the Mongols, amounting to 12,955,710 paper taels, or 2,132,294l., including the salt revenue."

Kiang-shan, Fo-kien, China

"mentioned among the Siamese or Laotian countries as Kiang-Tung"

Che-kiang, China

"The most southerly of these was the Che-Kiang, which is said to have given its name to the Province still so called, of which Hang-chau is the capital."

Zayton, Fujian, China

"the prince was still a fugitive in the forests between Zayton and Canton."

Zayton, Fujian, China

"The Kaan’s Fleet leaving the Port of Zayton. Marco Polo’s Itineraries No. VI. (Book II, Chapters 67–82) Journey through Manzi Polo’s names thus Kinsay [1] Dr. C. Douglas objects to this derivation of Zayton, that the place was never called Tseut’ung absolutely, but T’seu-t’ung-ching, 'city of prickly T’ung-trees'; and this not as a name, but as a polite literary epithet, somewhat like 'City of Palaces' applied to Calcutta."